This cathode material contains surface residual alkali which reacts with moisture and carbon dioxide, causing degradation. Storage must be in an inert atmosphere within a sealed container to prevent performance loss and safety hazards.

• Moisture Sensitivity: The residual LiOH and Li2CO3 on the particle surfaces readily absorb atmospheric moisture, leading to surface degradation and capacity fading.
• CO2 Reactivity: Exposure to atmospheric carbon dioxide converts surface LiOH to Li2CO3, altering the cathode's electrochemical performance.
• Alkaline Corrosivity: The high pH of 11.6 indicates the material is alkaline and can cause skin and eye irritation upon contact.
• Dust Hazard: The fine powder form poses an inhalation risk and requires handling in a fume hood or glovebox with appropriate PPE.
• Inert Atmosphere Requirement: All processing and storage must be performed under dry, inert gas to prevent moisture and CO2 exposure.

This protocol describes the safe handling of moisture-sensitive cathode powder and preparation of electrode slurry. All steps must be performed in an inert-atmosphere glovebox to prevent material degradation.

Required Equipment: Inert-atmosphere glovebox with moisture and oxygen sensors, Precision analytical balance, Antistatic spatula, Doctor blade coating apparatus

1. Glovebox Preparation
   Purge the glovebox with inert gas until moisture and oxygen levels are below acceptable thresholds.
2. Material Transfer
   Transfer the cathode material container into the glovebox through the antechamber using a vacuum purge cycle.
3. Weighing
   Weigh the required amount of cathode powder using an antistatic spatula and a precision balance inside the glovebox.
4. Slurry Mixing
   Combine the powder with solvent and binder in a mixing cup and homogenize thoroughly to form a uniform slurry.
5. Coating
   Coat the slurry onto an aluminum foil substrate using a doctor blade with a controlled gap to achieve desired loading.
6. Drying
   Dry the coated electrode at elevated temperature under vacuum to remove residual solvent completely.
7. Storage
   Store the dried electrode in a sealed container within the glovebox until further use.

This ultra-high nickel NCM91 cathode material features a bimodal particle architecture that provides excellent compaction density and stable capacity retention up to 1.0C, but its high surface alkali and pH demand careful dry processing to avoid slurry degradation.

Positive

• Exceptional volumetric compaction efficiency: The bimodal 7:3 blend of spherical and single-crystal particles achieves a pellet density of 3.63 g/cm³ and tap density of 2.46 g/cm³, enabling high electrode density for energy-dense cell designs.
• High stable discharge capacity: Delivers 220.8 mAh/g at 0.1C and 200.7 mAh/g at 1.0C in half-cell testing, providing reliable benchmarking for high-performance cathode development.

Trade-offs

• Elevated surface residual alkali content: Li2CO3 at 0.25% and LiOH at 0.30% can cause slurry gelation and require controlled dry-room processing for electrode fabrication.
• High pH and moisture sensitivity: With a pH of 11.6, the material is highly alkaline and prone to moisture uptake, necessitating inert atmosphere handling and stringent storage conditions.

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