An excellent material for lithium-ion batteries (high Li-intercalation capacity, low energy consumption, great cycle stability, no side reactions, eco-friendliness) – it reduces capacity fading, boosts initial discharge capacity, lowers LiCoO₂ polarization, and enhances stability. Also ideal for solar cells (10%+ photoelectric efficiency, 1/5–1/10 cost of silicon cells, 20+ year life) and nickel-cadmium batteries (good conductivity, wide temperature range).