Hydrometallurgical recycling

Acid leaching in lithium-ion battery recycling

Solvent extraction for metal separation

Precipitation methods for metal recovery

Electrowinning in hydrometallurgical recycling

Biohydrometallurgy for sustainable recycling

Leachate purification and impurity removal

Closed-loop hydrometallurgical processes

Recycling of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries

Hydrometallurgy for lithium recovery from brines

Environmental impact assessment of hydrometallurgy

Process optimization via machine learning

Recycling of electrolyte salts and solvents