Silicon-based quantum computing has emerged as a leading candidate for scalable quantum systems due to its compatibility with existing semiconductor fabrication techniques. Recent advancements have demonstrated qubit coherence times exceeding 100 microseconds in isotopically purified silicon-28, a significant improvement over earlier results. This purification reduces nuclear spin noise, which is a major decoherence source. Additionally, the use of phosphorus donors in silicon has enabled single-qubit gate fidelities of 99.9%, rivaling superconducting qubits. These developments position silicon as a viable platform for fault-tolerant quantum computing.
The integration of silicon qubits with classical control electronics is another frontier. Researchers have successfully demonstrated cryogenic CMOS circuits operating at 4 Kelvin, enabling on-chip control of qubits with minimal thermal noise. This integration reduces the wiring complexity and improves scalability. For instance, a 16-qubit array controlled by cryogenic CMOS achieved a gate error rate of less than 0.1%, showcasing the potential for large-scale quantum processors.
Spin-photon interfaces in silicon are being explored to enable long-distance quantum communication. Recent experiments have shown that silicon vacancy centers can emit photons at telecom wavelengths (around 1.55 micrometers) with a linewidth of less than 100 MHz. This narrow linewidth is crucial for maintaining entanglement over long distances. Furthermore, coupling these defects to photonic crystal cavities has achieved a Purcell enhancement factor of over 50, significantly boosting photon emission rates.
Error correction in silicon-based quantum systems is advancing rapidly. Surface code implementations on silicon qubits have demonstrated logical error rates below 10^-6 per cycle using just 17 physical qubits. This achievement is a critical step toward fault-tolerant quantum computing. Moreover, hybrid architectures combining silicon qubits with superconducting resonators are being developed to improve error correction efficiency.
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