Silicon anodes are promising for next-generation batteries due to their high theoretical capacity (~4,200 mAh/g), but they suffer from severe volume expansion (>300%) during cycling. Multi-functional binders like polyacrylic acid (PAA) crosslinked with alginate have been developed to mitigate this issue by providing robust mechanical support and strong adhesion to current collectors. A PAA-alginate binder enabled silicon anodes to achieve >80% capacity retention after 100 cycles at C/2 rates.
These binders also incorporate conductive networks using carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which enhance electron transport while accommodating volume changes. A study showed that silicon anodes with CNT-reinforced PAA-alginate binders delivered a specific capacity of ~3,000 mAh/g at C/5 rates, outperforming traditional PVDF-based systems (~2,000 mAh/g). The CNTs also reduce electrode resistance by ~30%, improving rate capability.
Advanced imaging techniques like cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) have revealed the binder's role in maintaining electrode integrity during cycling.Cryo-EM images showed that PAA-alginate binders form a continuous network around silicon particles even after repeated expansion/contraction cycles.This structural resilience is critical for long-term performance.
The environmental impact of multi-functional binders is being addressed through bio-derived materials like chitosan and cellulose derivatives.Recent studies demonstrated that chitosan-based binders offer comparable performance while reducing production costs by ~20%.With further optimization multi-functional binders could enable silicon anodes commercial viability.
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