Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved remarkable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 26%, rivaling traditional silicon-based cells. However, their instability under environmental stressors like humidity, heat, and UV light remains a critical challenge. Recent advancements in encapsulation techniques using atomic layer deposition (ALD) have extended operational lifetimes to over 10,000 hours under accelerated aging tests. For instance, a 2023 study demonstrated that ALD-coated PSCs retained 95% of their initial efficiency after 1,000 hours at 85°C and 85% relative humidity.
The integration of 2D materials like graphene oxide into perovskite layers has also shown promise in enhancing stability. These materials act as moisture barriers while improving charge carrier mobility. A recent Nature publication reported that PSCs with graphene oxide interlayers achieved a PCE of 24.5% and maintained 90% efficiency after 2,000 hours of continuous illumination. This represents a significant leap in addressing the trade-off between efficiency and durability.
Another frontier is the development of lead-free perovskites to mitigate toxicity concerns. Tin-based perovskites have emerged as a viable alternative, with efficiencies now surpassing 12%. Advanced doping strategies using elements like germanium have reduced oxidation issues, enabling stable operation for over 1,500 hours under ambient conditions. These innovations are paving the way for commercialization while addressing environmental and health concerns.
Machine learning (ML) is revolutionizing perovskite material discovery by predicting optimal compositions and fabrication parameters. A recent Science study utilized ML to screen over 10,000 potential perovskite formulations, identifying a novel composition with a PCE of 25.3% and enhanced thermal stability. This data-driven approach accelerates the development of next-generation PSCs with tailored properties for specific applications.
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