High-Entropy Alloy Anodes for Sub-Zero Performance

High-entropy alloy (HEA) anodes represent a paradigm shift in low-temperature battery design due to their exceptional structural stability and tunable electrochemical properties. Solid-State Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with Ultrahigh Rate Capability,Solid-state lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are emerging as a transformative technology for high-rate applications due to their theoretical energy density of 2

600 Wh/kg

far surpassing conventional lithium-ion batteries. Recent advancements in solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) have enabled Li-S batteries to achieve discharge rates exceeding 10C (10x the capacity in one hour) while maintaining >80% capacity retention over 500 cycles. For instance

sulfide-based SSEs like Li6PS5Cl exhibit ionic conductivities of >10 mS/cm at room temperature

facilitating rapid ion transport. Moreover

the integration of nanostructured sulfur cathodes with carbon matrices has reduced polysulfide shuttling

enhancing Coulombic efficiency to >99%. These innovations position solid-state Li-S batteries as a frontrunner for next-generation energy storage systems."

The development of interfacial engineering techniques has been pivotal in addressing the challenges of high-rate solid-state Li-S batteries. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of ultrathin Al2O3 layers (~2 nm) on cathode surfaces has been shown to reduce interfacial resistance by 70%, enabling stable operation at current densities of >5 mA/cm². Additionally, the use of lithium metal anodes with surface modifications, such as LiF-rich interphases formed via in-situ fluorination, has suppressed dendrite growth even at high current densities of 10 mA/cm². These strategies collectively enhance the rate capability and safety of solid-state Li-S batteries.

Thermal management is another critical aspect for high-rate solid-state Li-S batteries. Advanced thermal conductive fillers like boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) have been incorporated into SSEs to achieve thermal conductivities of up to 1.5 W/m·K, reducing heat accumulation during rapid charge/discharge cycles. Furthermore, operando thermal imaging studies have revealed that optimized cell designs can maintain temperatures below 50°C even at extreme rates of 20C. This ensures both performance and longevity under demanding operational conditions.

Scalability and cost-effectiveness remain key challenges for solid-state Li-S batteries. Recent breakthroughs in scalable manufacturing techniques, such as roll-to-roll processing of SSEs, have reduced production costs by ~30%. Additionally, the use of earth-abundant materials like sulfur and carbonaceous cathodes aligns with sustainability goals. With further optimization, solid-state Li-S batteries could achieve cost parity with conventional lithium-ion systems while offering superior performance metrics.

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