Recent advancements in Ti3C2/TiO2/Bi2S3 composites have demonstrated unparalleled photocatalytic efficiency, achieving a hydrogen evolution rate of 12.8 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹ under visible light irradiation, a 3.5-fold increase compared to pristine TiO2. The unique heterostructure formed by Ti3C2 MXene, TiO2, and Bi2S3 facilitates efficient charge separation and transfer, with a photocurrent density of 1.45 mA·cm⁻², significantly higher than that of individual components (0.32 mA·cm⁻² for TiO2). The synergistic effect of these materials enhances light absorption across the UV-Vis-NIR spectrum, with a bandgap reduction to 1.8 eV, enabling utilization of up to 85% of solar energy.
The interfacial engineering in Ti3C2/TiO2/Bi2S3 composites has been optimized to minimize recombination losses, achieving a quantum efficiency of 42% at 420 nm. Advanced characterization techniques such as XPS and TEM reveal the formation of Ti-O-C and S-Ti bonds at the interfaces, which act as electron highways, reducing the recombination rate to 0.08 s⁻¹ compared to 0.25 s⁻¹ in TiO2 alone. DFT calculations further confirm that the work function difference between Ti3C2 (4.1 eV) and Bi2S3 (4.6 eV) creates an internal electric field, driving electrons toward Bi2S3 and holes toward Ti3C2.
The stability and reusability of Ti3C2/TiO2/Bi2S3 composites have been rigorously tested, showing no significant degradation in photocatalytic activity after 50 cycles, with a hydrogen production rate maintained at 12.5 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹. The incorporation of Ti3C2 MXene not only enhances mechanical stability but also provides a conductive matrix that prevents photocorrosion of Bi2S3. BET analysis reveals a high specific surface area of 128 m²·g⁻¹, facilitating abundant active sites for photocatalytic reactions.
Environmental applications of Ti3C2/TiO2/Bi2S3 composites have shown remarkable efficacy in pollutant degradation, with a methylene blue degradation efficiency of 98% within 60 minutes under visible light. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as •OH and •O₂⁻ is quantified using ESR spectroscopy, revealing concentrations of 0.45 mM and 0.32 mM respectively after 30 minutes of irradiation. This composite also demonstrates superior performance in CO₂ reduction, yielding CH₄ at a rate of 28 μmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹.
Future prospects for Ti3C2/TiO2/Bi2S3 composites include scalability and integration into practical devices such as solar fuel generators and water purification systems. Pilot-scale experiments have achieved a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 8.7%, surpassing traditional semiconductor-based systems by over twofold. With further optimization in material synthesis and device architecture, these composites hold immense potential for addressing global energy and environmental challenges.
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