Recent advancements in the synthesis of Ti3C2/Bi2MoO6/BiOBr composites have demonstrated unparalleled efficiency in photocatalytic pollutant degradation, achieving a 98.7% removal rate of methylene blue (MB) within 60 minutes under visible light irradiation. This performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of Ti3C2 MXene's high conductivity, Bi2MoO6's broad light absorption, and BiOBr's superior charge separation capabilities. The optimized composite exhibited a photodegradation rate constant (k) of 0.045 min⁻¹, which is 3.2 times higher than that of pristine Bi2MoO6. Furthermore, the composite demonstrated exceptional stability, retaining 95.4% of its initial activity after five consecutive cycles.
The unique heterojunction structure of Ti3C2/Bi2MoO6/BiOBr facilitates efficient charge carrier separation and migration, as evidenced by transient photocurrent and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The photocurrent density of the composite reached 12.8 µA/cm², which is 4.7-fold higher than that of Bi2MoO6 alone. EIS analysis revealed a significantly reduced charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 32.5 Ω, compared to 112.4 Ω for Bi2MoO6, indicating enhanced interfacial electron transfer kinetics. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further confirmed that the introduction of Ti3C2 and BiOBr creates mid-gap states that act as electron traps, reducing recombination rates and extending the lifetime of photogenerated carriers.
The Ti3C2/Bi2MoO6/BiOBr composite also exhibits remarkable adsorption capabilities due to its high specific surface area (SSA) and abundant active sites. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis revealed an SSA of 78.6 m²/g, which is 2.1 times larger than that of Bi2MoO6 alone. This enhanced surface area facilitates the adsorption of pollutants prior to photocatalytic degradation, with an adsorption capacity of 45.8 mg/g for MB within the first 10 minutes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed the presence of surface hydroxyl groups and oxygen vacancies, which play a critical role in activating molecular oxygen and generating reactive oxygen species (ROS).
In practical applications, the Ti3C2/Bi2MoO6/BiOBr composite has shown exceptional performance in degrading complex organic pollutants such as tetracycline (TC), bisphenol A (BPA), and phenol under natural sunlight irradiation. For TC degradation, the composite achieved a removal efficiency of 94.5% within 90 minutes, with a rate constant (k) of 0.028 min⁻¹, which is 4.1 times higher than that of pristine Bi2MoO6. Similarly, for BPA and phenol degradation, removal efficiencies reached 92.3% and 89.7%, respectively, within the same timeframe.
The environmental sustainability and scalability of Ti3C2/Bi2MoO6/BiOBr composites have been validated through life cycle assessment (LCA) and pilot-scale studies. LCA results indicated a carbon footprint reduction of up to 38% compared to conventional photocatalysts due to lower energy consumption during synthesis and operation. Pilot-scale experiments demonstrated a consistent pollutant removal efficiency exceeding 90% over a continuous operation period of 30 days, with minimal leaching (<0.1 ppm) of metal ions into treated water.
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