Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Stability and Efficiency

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a disruptive technology in photovoltaics, achieving power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 25% in laboratory settings. Recent breakthroughs in compositional engineering have addressed intrinsic stability issues by incorporating mixed cations (e.g., Cs/FA/MA) and halides (e.g., Br/I), resulting in devices retaining over 90% initial efficiency after 1,000 hours under continuous illumination at 85°C. These advancements bring PSCs closer to commercial viability while maintaining low production costs (<$0.20/W). The use of lead-free alternatives such as tin-based perovskites has also gained traction, achieving PCEs above 12% while mitigating environmental concerns associated with lead toxicity.

Interface engineering plays a pivotal role in enhancing the performance of PSCs. The introduction of ultrathin passivation layers (e.g., Al2O3 or TiO2) has reduced interfacial recombination losses, boosting open-circuit voltages (Voc) to over 1.2 V in some cases. Additionally, novel hole transport materials such as spiro-OMeTAD derivatives have improved charge extraction efficiency by up to 15%. These innovations have enabled PSCs to achieve fill factors exceeding 80%, rivaling those of silicon-based solar cells while offering superior tunability and processability at lower temperatures (<150°C).

Scalability remains a key challenge for PSCs due to issues such as material uniformity and device reproducibility on large-area substrates (>100 cm²). Recent advances in slot-die coating and inkjet printing techniques have demonstrated uniform perovskite films with thickness variations below ±5 nm over large areas, enabling module efficiencies above 18%. Encapsulation strategies using atomic layer deposition (ALD) have also extended operational lifetimes beyond IEC61215 standards for commercial modules (>25 years), addressing durability concerns associated with moisture ingress and thermal cycling.

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