Solid-State Batteries with Lithium Metal Anodes

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) represent the next frontier in energy storage, offering higher energy densities (>500 Wh/kg) and improved safety compared to liquid electrolyte-based systems. Lithium metal is the ideal anode material for SSBs due to its ultra-high theoretical capacity of 3860 mAh/g and low electrochemical potential (-3.04 V vs. SHE). However, lithium metal faces challenges such as dendrite formation and poor interfacial contact with solid electrolytes, which can lead to short circuits and capacity fade. Recent research has focused on developing solid electrolytes with high ionic conductivity (>1 mS/cm) and mechanical strength (>1 GPa) to suppress dendrite growth.

Interfacial engineering is critical for enhancing lithium metal compatibility with solid electrolytes. Strategies include introducing artificial interlayers such as Li3N or LiF coatings, which reduce interfacial resistance (<10 Ω cm²) and improve cycling stability. A study in Science Advances reported a lithium metal SSB with an interfacial resistance of just 7 Ω cm² and stable cycling over 1000 cycles at room temperature with minimal capacity loss (<10%). These advancements pave the way for safer and more efficient energy storage systems.

Advanced solid electrolytes like sulfide-based (e.g., Li6PS5Cl) and oxide-based (e.g., LLZO) materials have shown promise due to their high ionic conductivities (~10⁻³ S/cm) and wide electrochemical stability windows (>5 V). For instance, LLZO-based SSBs have demonstrated energy densities exceeding 400 Wh/kg while maintaining >90% capacity retention after 500 cycles at moderate rates (0.5 C). These materials are also compatible with high-voltage cathodes like NMC811, enabling full-cell configurations with enhanced performance.

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