Recent advancements in Ti3C2-MXene composite electrodes have demonstrated unprecedented performance in capacitive deionization (CDI) due to their exceptional electrical conductivity (up to 20,000 S/cm) and high specific surface area (~500 m²/g). These properties enable rapid ion adsorption and desorption, with salt adsorption capacities (SAC) reaching 45 mg/g in 500 ppm NaCl solutions, outperforming traditional carbon-based electrodes by over 200%. The unique 2D layered structure of Ti3C2-MXene facilitates efficient ion intercalation, achieving charge efficiencies of ~90% at applied voltages of 1.2 V. Moreover, the hydrophilicity of MXene surfaces enhances wettability, reducing energy consumption by ~30% compared to hydrophobic materials. These findings position Ti3C2-MXene as a transformative material for next-generation CDI systems.
The integration of Ti3C2-MXene with conductive polymers such as polyaniline (PANI) has further enhanced CDI performance by combining high capacitance with mechanical stability. Composite electrodes exhibit a specific capacitance of 350 F/g at 1 A/g, significantly higher than pristine MXene (210 F/g). This synergy results in SAC values of up to 60 mg/g in brackish water (1,000 ppm NaCl), with cycling stability exceeding 95% retention after 1,000 cycles. The incorporation of PANI also mitigates MXene oxidation, extending electrode lifespan by ~40%. These composites demonstrate exceptional energy efficiency, achieving desalination rates of 0.5 mg/cm²/min at an energy consumption of only 0.5 kWh/m³.
Surface functionalization of Ti3C2-MXene with nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) has been shown to optimize ion selectivity and adsorption kinetics. N-CQD-modified MXene electrodes achieve SAC values of 55 mg/g in mixed-ion solutions (Na⁺:Mg²⁺ = 10:1), with Na⁺ selectivity coefficients exceeding 3.5. The enhanced selectivity is attributed to the tailored pore size distribution (~0.8 nm) and electrostatic interactions facilitated by N-CQDs. Additionally, these electrodes exhibit rapid regeneration times (<30 s) and maintain >90% efficiency in complex water matrices containing organic pollutants. This innovation addresses critical challenges in selective ion removal for industrial and municipal wastewater treatment.
The scalability and environmental sustainability of Ti3C2-MXene composite electrodes have been validated through pilot-scale CDI systems. Large-area electrodes (100 cm²) fabricated via roll-to-roll processing achieve SAC values of ~50 mg/g in real seawater samples (~35,000 ppm NaCl), with energy consumption as low as 1 kWh/m³ for desalination to potable standards (<500 ppm). Life cycle assessments reveal that MXene-based CDI systems reduce carbon footprints by ~25% compared to reverse osmosis technologies. Furthermore, the recyclability of MXene composites has been demonstrated through acid-assisted regeneration processes, recovering >85% of the initial performance after multiple cycles.
Emerging research on hybrid Ti3C2-MXene composites incorporating transition metal oxides (e.g., MnO₂) has unlocked new frontiers in redox-enhanced CDI. These hybrid electrodes leverage Faradaic reactions to achieve SAC values exceeding 70 mg/g in high-salinity brines (>10,000 ppm NaCl), with charge efficiencies surpassing 95%. The MnO₂/MXene interface facilitates dual-mode ion storage—electrostatic adsorption and redox intercalation—resulting in desalination rates of up to 0.8 mg/cm²/min at low voltages (1 V). This approach bridges the gap between CDI and battery technologies, offering a scalable solution for hypersaline water treatment.
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