Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)are gaining traction as a cost-effective alternative to LIBs for high-rate applications.Recent developments in cathode materials like Prussian blue analogs(PBAs)and layered oxides(e.g.
NaNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2)have achieved specific capacities>150 mAh/g at discharge rates>10C.PBAs
in particular
benefit from open frameworks that facilitate rapid Na+ diffusion(~10^-8 cm²/s).|Electrolyte optimization has further enhanced SIB performance.Novel electrolytes containing sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide(NaFSI)and ether solvents exhibit ionic conductivities>15 mS/cm
supporting stable cycling at current densities>5 mA/cm².For example
cells with NaFSI-based electrolytes demonstrated>95%capacity retention after1000 cycles at2C rates.|Interfacial engineering has also played a critical role in improving SIB kinetics.Surface coatings like AlF₃and carbon layers on cathode particles reduce charge transfer resistance by~60%
enabling ultrafast charging<15 minutes while maintaining energy densities>200 Wh/kg.|Advanced computational modeling has accelerated the discovery of new cathode materials.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations on~500 candidate materials identified Na₂Mn₃O₇as a promising candidate
predicted to deliver~200 mAh/g at>20C rates.This approach reduces experimental screening time by~80%.|Scalability remains a key focus area.Recent pilot-scale production trials achieved cost reductions~40%
making SIBs competitive with LIBs for grid storage applications.
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