The integration of Ti3C2Tx MXene with Bi2WO6 has emerged as a groundbreaking strategy to enhance visible-light photocatalytic efficiency, leveraging the unique electronic and structural properties of both materials. Recent studies reveal that the Ti3C2Tx/Bi2WO6 composite achieves a remarkable degradation rate of 95.8% for Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light within 60 minutes, compared to 68.3% for pristine Bi2WO6. This enhancement is attributed to the formation of a Schottky junction at the interface, which facilitates efficient charge separation and reduces electron-hole recombination. The composite exhibits a photocurrent density of 12.7 µA/cm², nearly three times higher than that of Bi2WO6 alone (4.3 µA/cm²), underscoring its superior charge transfer capabilities.
The role of Ti3C2Tx in modulating the band structure of Bi2WO6 has been extensively investigated, revealing a significant reduction in the bandgap from 2.78 eV to 2.45 eV upon MXene incorporation. This narrowing enables enhanced absorption of visible light, with the composite demonstrating an absorption edge extended to 506 nm, compared to 446 nm for pure Bi2WO6. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further confirm that the introduction of Ti3C2Tx introduces mid-gap states, which act as electron traps and prolong the lifetime of photogenerated carriers by up to 1.8 times (from 4.7 ns to 8.5 ns). These findings highlight the pivotal role of MXene in optimizing the optoelectronic properties of Bi2WO6.
The photocatalytic stability and reusability of Ti3C2Tx/Bi2WO6 composites have been rigorously tested, demonstrating exceptional performance over multiple cycles. After five consecutive photocatalytic runs, the composite retains 92.4% of its initial activity, compared to only 76.1% for pristine Bi2WO6. This robustness is attributed to the strong interfacial coupling between Ti3C2Tx and Bi2WO6, which mitigates photocorrosion and structural degradation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis reveals minimal changes in surface composition after prolonged exposure to light, with only a 1.3% decrease in Ti content and a 0.9% reduction in W content.
The application of Ti3C2Tx/Bi2WO6 composites extends beyond organic pollutant degradation, showing promising results in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and CO₂ reduction under visible light irradiation. The composite achieves a hydrogen evolution rate of 124 µmol/g/h, significantly higher than that of Bi2WO6 alone (42 µmol/g/h). Similarly, for CO₂ reduction, the composite produces methane (CH₄) at a rate of 18.7 µmol/g/h and carbon monoxide (CO) at 12.4 µmol/g/h, outperforming pristine Bi2WO6 by factors of 1.8 and 1.5, respectively.
Scalability and practical implementation studies indicate that Ti3C2Tx/Bi2WO6 composites can be synthesized via cost-effective hydrothermal methods with high reproducibility (>98%). The optimized synthesis conditions yield composites with a specific surface area of 56 m²/g, nearly double that of pure Bi2WO6 (29 m²/g), further enhancing their photocatalytic performance.
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