Recent advancements in catalytic materials for CO2 reduction have focused on enhancing the selectivity and efficiency of CO2 conversion to value-added chemicals. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a promising class of materials due to their tunable porosity and high surface area. For instance, a Ni-based MOF demonstrated a CO2-to-CO conversion efficiency of 95% with a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 98% at -0.8 V vs. RHE, outperforming traditional catalysts. Additionally, the incorporation of dual-metal sites in MOFs, such as Cu-Zn, has shown synergistic effects, achieving a methanol production rate of 0.45 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ with an FE of 85%. These results highlight the potential of MOFs in tailoring active sites for specific CO2 reduction pathways.
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have garnered significant attention for their maximized atomic utilization and unique electronic properties. A Fe-N-C SAC exhibited a CO production rate of 4.5 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ with an FE of 97% at -0.5 V vs. RHE, surpassing bulk Fe catalysts by over 300%. The introduction of heteroatoms such as S or P into SACs further enhances their performance; for example, an S-doped Co SAC achieved a formate production rate of 1.2 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ with an FE of 92%. These findings underscore the critical role of atomic-level engineering in optimizing catalytic activity and selectivity for CO2 reduction.
Two-dimensional (2D) materials, particularly transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), have shown remarkable potential in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction due to their high conductivity and exposed active edges. A MoS₂ nanosheet catalyst demonstrated a CO production rate of 3.8 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ with an FE of 94% at -0.6 V vs. RHE, significantly higher than its bulk counterpart. Doping strategies, such as introducing Ni into MoS₂, further improved performance, achieving a methanol production rate of 0.6 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ with an FE of 88%. These results emphasize the importance of structural and compositional modifications in enhancing the catalytic properties of 2D materials.
Perovskite oxides have emerged as robust catalysts for thermocatalytic CO2 reduction due to their high thermal stability and tunable redox properties. A La₀.₇Sr₀.₃CoO₃ perovskite achieved a CH₄ production rate of 1.8 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ at 600°C with a selectivity exceeding 90%. The introduction of oxygen vacancies via doping or defect engineering significantly enhanced activity; for example, a Ce-doped LaCoO₃ perovskite exhibited a CO production rate of 3.2 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ at 550°C with an FE of 95%. These advancements highlight the potential of perovskite oxides in high-temperature CO2 conversion processes.
The integration of photocatalysis and electrocatalysis has opened new avenues for efficient CO2 reduction under mild conditions. A hybrid TiO₂-Cu₂O photocatalyst achieved a CH₄ production rate of 0.25 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ under visible light irradiation, while coupling it with an electrochemical system enhanced the rate to 0.45 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ with an FE exceeding |80%. Similarly, a BiVO₄-Au photocathode demonstrated a formate production rate |of |0.|35| |mmol| |g|⁺|h|⁺| under simulated sunlight.| These results illustrate the synergistic effects |of combining photocatalytic and electrocatalytic processes for sustainable CO₂ reduction.
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