Quantum Dots from Graphene Derivatives

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have emerged as a revolutionary material for quantum computing and optoelectronics due to their tunable bandgap and exceptional photoluminescence properties. Recent studies have demonstrated GQDs with a bandgap range of 1.5–3.5 eV, enabling applications in single-photon emitters with a quantum yield exceeding 80%. Advanced synthesis techniques, such as hydrothermal cutting of graphene oxide, have achieved GQD sizes as small as 2–5 nm with atomic precision. These properties make GQDs ideal for next-generation quantum communication systems operating at room temperature.

The integration of GQDs into hybrid perovskite solar cells has shown remarkable efficiency improvements, with power conversion efficiencies (PCE) reaching 25.6% in lab-scale devices. This is attributed to the enhanced charge carrier mobility (>200 cm²/Vs) and reduced recombination rates achieved by GQD incorporation. Furthermore, the stability of these devices under continuous illumination (1000 hours at 1 sun intensity) has been significantly improved, addressing a critical bottleneck in perovskite solar cell commercialization.

In biomedical applications, GQDs have demonstrated unparalleled potential as bioimaging agents due to their low toxicity and high biocompatibility. Studies have shown that GQDs can achieve a fluorescence lifetime of up to 10 ns, making them superior to traditional organic dyes. Additionally, their surface functionalization allows for targeted drug delivery with a payload capacity of up to 60% by weight, opening new avenues for cancer theranostics.

The scalability of GQD production remains a challenge, but recent advances in microwave-assisted synthesis have reduced production costs by 40% while maintaining high yields (>90%). With ongoing research into defect engineering and doping strategies, GQDs are poised to become a cornerstone material in quantum technologies and renewable energy systems.

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