Recent breakthroughs in the application of cobalt disulfide (CoS2) for catalysis have demonstrated its exceptional potential in electrochemical energy conversion. CoS2 has emerged as a highly efficient catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), with a reported overpotential of 98 mV at 10 mA/cm² in acidic media, outperforming many transition metal dichalcogenides. This performance is attributed to its unique electronic structure, where the partially filled eg orbitals facilitate optimal hydrogen adsorption. Additionally, CoS2 exhibits a Tafel slope of 42 mV/dec, indicating rapid reaction kinetics. Recent studies have also highlighted its stability, retaining 95% of its activity after 1000 cycles, making it a promising candidate for sustainable hydrogen production.
In the realm of oxygen evolution reaction (OER), CoS2 has shown remarkable advancements due to its ability to form active surface oxides under operating conditions. A study published in *Nature Energy* revealed that CoS2-based catalysts achieve an OER overpotential of 270 mV at 10 mA/cm² in alkaline media, rivaling state-of-the-art IrO2 catalysts. The formation of CoOOH and Co3O4 species during the reaction enhances its catalytic activity, with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 0.12 s⁻¹ at 1.6 V vs. RHE. Furthermore, doping strategies involving Fe or Ni have been employed to optimize its performance, achieving a current density increase of up to 30%. These findings underscore CoS2’s versatility in water splitting applications.
CoS2 has also been explored as a catalyst for CO2 reduction, offering a pathway to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions while producing valuable chemicals. Recent research in *Science Advances* demonstrated that CoS2 nanosheets exhibit a CO faradaic efficiency of 92% at -0.7 V vs. RHE, with a CO partial current density of 15 mA/cm². The presence of sulfur vacancies was identified as a key factor in enhancing CO2 adsorption and activation, reducing the energy barrier for CO formation by 0.3 eV compared to pristine CoS2. This breakthrough positions CoS2 as a cost-effective alternative to noble metal catalysts for CO2 conversion.
Another frontier application of CoS2 lies in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, where it serves as a catalytic host for polysulfide conversion. A study in *Advanced Materials* reported that CoS2-modified separators significantly improve battery performance, achieving a capacity retention of 82% after 500 cycles at 1C rate and reducing the polysulfide shuttle effect by 70%. The strong chemical interaction between CoS2 and polysulfides accelerates their conversion kinetics, leading to enhanced sulfur utilization and reduced capacity fading. These results highlight the potential of CoS2 in advancing next-generation energy storage technologies.
Finally, recent innovations have focused on nanostructuring and hybridizing CoS2 to further enhance its catalytic properties. For instance, integrating CoS2 with graphene or carbon nanotubes has yielded synergistic effects, improving conductivity and active site accessibility. A hybrid catalyst reported in *Nano Letters* achieved an HER overpotential of only 68 mV at 10 mA/cm² and an OER overpotential of 250 mV at the same current density, surpassing individual components’ performance. Such advancements pave the way for multifunctional catalysts capable of addressing diverse energy challenges with unprecedented efficiency.
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