Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a transformative technology in photovoltaics, achieving power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 25% in laboratory settings. However, stability remains a critical challenge for commercialization. Recent breakthroughs involve the incorporation of two-dimensional (2D) perovskite layers as protective barriers, which have extended operational lifetimes under continuous illumination from <100 hours to >1,000 hours while maintaining PCEs above 20%. These advancements address intrinsic degradation mechanisms such as ion migration and moisture sensitivity.
Encapsulation techniques using atomic layer deposition (ALD) of metal oxides have further enhanced stability under harsh environmental conditions. For example, ALD-coated PSCs retain over 90% of their initial efficiency after 1 year of outdoor exposure compared to unencapsulated devices that degrade within weeks. Additionally, novel hole transport materials like spiro-OMeTAD derivatives have reduced hysteresis effects and improved device reproducibility across large-area modules (>100 cm²). These innovations are critical for scaling PSC technology to industrial levels.
The integration of perovskite-silicon tandem cells has pushed efficiency limits beyond 30%, surpassing single-junction silicon solar cells. Tandem architectures leverage the complementary absorption spectra of perovskites and silicon while minimizing thermalization losses. Recent studies demonstrate tandem cells achieving certified PCEs of 31.25%, with potential pathways toward the Shockley-Queisser limit (~33%). This dual-material approach also reduces material usage per watt generated by up to 50%, enhancing sustainability metrics across the supply chain.
Despite these advancements challenges such as lead toxicity scalability and cost remain unresolved Research into lead-free alternatives like tin-based perovskites has shown promise but currently lags behind lead-based counterparts in efficiency (<15%) Addressing these issues will require interdisciplinary efforts combining material science device engineering and environmental impact assessments
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