Quantum photonic integrated circuits (QPICs) are revolutionizing quantum computing and communication by enabling scalable, on-chip quantum light sources and detectors. Recent advancements have demonstrated QPICs with over 90% photon detection efficiency using superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs). These circuits integrate single-photon sources based on quantum dots with emission rates exceeding 10^8 photons per second, achieving near-unity indistinguishability. The integration of these components on a single chip reduces losses to below 0.1 dB/cm, a critical factor for maintaining quantum coherence over long distances.
QPICs are also enabling the development of quantum networks by facilitating entanglement distribution over fiber-optic links. Experiments have shown entanglement rates of up to 1 MHz over distances exceeding 100 km, leveraging frequency-multiplexed quantum repeaters. The use of low-loss silicon nitride waveguides (loss <0.1 dB/cm) ensures high-fidelity entanglement swapping with success probabilities above 95%. These advancements are paving the way for global quantum internet infrastructure.
Another breakthrough in QPICs is the integration of nonlinear optical elements for all-optical quantum gates. Recent designs have demonstrated two-photon interference with visibilities exceeding 98%, enabling high-fidelity CNOT gates. The use of third-order nonlinear materials like lithium niobate has achieved nonlinear coefficients of up to 10^4 pm/V, significantly enhancing gate operation speeds to sub-picosecond timescales.
Finally, QPICs are being explored for quantum sensing applications, such as ultra-precise gyroscopes and magnetometers. Integrated photonic sensors have demonstrated sensitivities of 10^-12 rad/s/√Hz for rotation sensing and 10^-15 T/√Hz for magnetic field detection. These capabilities are enabled by the use of squeezed light sources with squeezing levels exceeding -10 dB, reducing measurement noise below the standard quantum limit.
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