Carbon-based quantum dots (CQDs) have emerged as a frontier material for optoelectronic applications due to their tunable bandgaps and high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) exceeding 80%. Recent studies have demonstrated CQDs with emission wavelengths ranging from 400 nm to 800 nm, achieved through precise control of surface functional groups and doping with heteroatoms like nitrogen and sulfur. For instance, nitrogen-doped CQDs exhibit a PLQY of 92% at 460 nm, making them ideal for blue-light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
The integration of CQDs into perovskite solar cells has led to record-breaking power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of over 26%. By passivating defects at the perovskite interface, CQDs reduce non-radiative recombination losses, enhancing open-circuit voltage (Voc) by up to 15%. Moreover, CQDs' ability to act as electron transport layers (ETLs) has been shown to improve device stability under continuous illumination for over 1000 hours.
CQDs are also being explored for biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and low toxicity. For example, CQD-based biosensors have achieved detection limits as low as 10^-12 M for biomarkers like prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation has enabled their use in photodynamic therapy, with tumor regression rates exceeding 70% in preclinical models.
Recent advancements in scalable synthesis methods, such as microwave-assisted pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization, have reduced production costs by up to 60%. These methods enable the mass production of CQDs with uniform sizes (<5 nm) and high crystallinity, paving the way for their commercialization in displays, solar cells, and medical devices.
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