Graphene/MXene hybrids have emerged as a transformative class of materials for high-performance supercapacitors, leveraging the synergistic interplay between graphene's exceptional electrical conductivity (up to 10^6 S/m) and MXene's pseudocapacitive behavior. Recent studies demonstrate that optimized graphene/MXene composites achieve specific capacitances exceeding 500 F/g at 1 A/g, significantly outperforming individual components. For instance, a 3D porous graphene/MXene aerogel exhibited an energy density of 45 Wh/kg and a power density of 10 kW/kg, bridging the gap between supercapacitors and batteries. The hierarchical structure of these hybrids facilitates rapid ion diffusion (ionic conductivity > 10^-2 S/cm) and minimizes interfacial resistance, enabling ultrafast charge/discharge cycles with >95% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles.
The integration of graphene with MXenes has also revolutionized lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes, addressing challenges such as low capacity and poor cycling stability. Graphene/MXene composites exhibit enhanced lithium-ion diffusion coefficients (up to 10^-8 cm^2/s) and structural integrity due to MXene's mechanical robustness (Young’s modulus ~330 GPa) and graphene's flexibility. A recent breakthrough involved a graphene/Ti3C2Tx MXene anode delivering a reversible capacity of 1,200 mAh/g at 0.1 C, nearly three times that of graphite. Moreover, the hybrid demonstrated exceptional rate capability (600 mAh/g at 5 C) and long-term stability (>90% capacity retention after 500 cycles), attributed to the suppression of dendrite formation and volume expansion.
In the realm of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), graphene/MXene hybrids offer a promising solution to the sluggish kinetics and large ionic radius of Na+ ions. By engineering interlayer spacings (~0.8 nm) through covalent bonding or van der Waals interactions, researchers have achieved sodium-ion diffusion rates comparable to those in LIBs. A graphene/V2C MXene composite exhibited a specific capacity of 400 mAh/g at 0.1 C with >85% retention after 200 cycles, outperforming conventional carbon-based anodes. The hybrid's unique architecture also mitigates pulverization issues, ensuring mechanical stability under repeated cycling.
Graphene/MXene hybrids are also paving the way for next-generation solid-state batteries (SSBs), addressing interfacial resistance and dendrite growth challenges. By incorporating MXenes as solid electrolytes with graphene as conductive fillers, researchers have achieved ionic conductivities exceeding 10^-3 S/cm at room temperature—comparable to liquid electrolytes. A prototype SSB using a graphene/Ti3C2Tx solid electrolyte demonstrated an energy density of 300 Wh/kg and stable cycling over 1,000 cycles with minimal capacity fade (<5%). This innovation highlights the potential of hybrid materials in enabling safer and more efficient energy storage systems.
Beyond batteries and supercapacitors, graphene/MXene hybrids are being explored for advanced applications such as flexible energy storage devices. Their mechanical flexibility (>90% strain tolerance) combined with high electrochemical performance makes them ideal for wearable electronics. A recent study reported a flexible supercapacitor based on graphene/Ti3C2Tx films achieving a volumetric capacitance of 350 F/cm^3 while maintaining >95% performance under bending cycles. These advancements underscore the versatility of graphene/MXene hybrids in meeting the demands of modern energy storage technologies.
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