The integration of Pd nanoparticles onto vanadium-doped Ni3S2 (v-Ni3S2) supported on Ni foam has emerged as a groundbreaking approach for enhancing electrocatalytic performance. Recent studies demonstrate that the optimized Pd/v-Ni3S2/Ni foam electrode achieves a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) overpotential of 28 mV at 10 mA cm−2, outperforming pure Ni3S2 (142 mV) and commercial Pt/C (35 mV). The synergistic effect between Pd and v-Ni3S2 facilitates efficient electron transfer, with a Tafel slope of 32 mV dec−1, indicating rapid reaction kinetics. This is attributed to the unique electronic structure modulation induced by vanadium doping, which increases the density of active sites by 1.8-fold compared to undoped Ni3S2.
In oxygen evolution reaction (OER) applications, the Pd/v-Ni3S2/Ni foam electrode exhibits exceptional stability and activity, with an overpotential of 240 mV at 50 mA cm−2, significantly lower than that of IrO2 (290 mV). The electrode maintains 95% of its initial activity after 100 hours of continuous operation at 100 mA cm−2, showcasing its robustness under harsh conditions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the introduction of Pd reduces the energy barrier for OER intermediates by 0.45 eV, while vanadium doping enhances the adsorption strength of OH* species, collectively optimizing the reaction pathway.
For overall water splitting, the bifunctional Pd/v-Ni3S2/Ni foam electrode demonstrates remarkable efficiency, requiring only 1.52 V to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in a two-electrode system. This performance surpasses state-of-the-art Pt/C||IrO2 systems (1.56 V). The Faradaic efficiency for both HER and OER exceeds 98%, with minimal degradation observed over 500 cycles. The hierarchical porous structure of Ni foam ensures efficient mass transport, while the high conductivity of v-Ni3S2 minimizes ohmic losses.
The scalability and cost-effectiveness of Pd/v-Ni3S2/Ni foam electrodes have been validated through pilot-scale production. A single electrode with an active area of 100 cm² achieves a current density of 200 mA cm−2 at just 1.65 V, with a material cost reduction of 40% compared to conventional noble metal-based systems. Life cycle analysis indicates a carbon footprint reduction of 35%, making it a sustainable alternative for large-scale hydrogen production.
Future research directions include exploring other transition metal dopants to further enhance catalytic activity and stability. Preliminary results with Co-doped Ni3S2 show promise, achieving an HER overpotential of 22 mV at 10 mA cm−2. Additionally, integrating advanced characterization techniques such as in-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy will provide deeper insights into the dynamic structural changes during electrocatalysis.
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