The integration of Ti3C2Tx MXene with Bi2WO6 has emerged as a groundbreaking strategy to enhance photocatalytic efficiency, leveraging the synergistic effects of their unique properties. Recent studies reveal that the Ti3C2Tx/Bi2WO6 composite achieves a remarkable degradation rate of 95.8% for rhodamine B (RhB) within 60 minutes under visible light irradiation, compared to 68.4% for pristine Bi2WO6. This enhancement is attributed to the superior electrical conductivity of Ti3C2Tx (up to 10,000 S/cm), which facilitates rapid electron transfer and reduces recombination rates. Additionally, the composite exhibits a 2.3-fold increase in photocurrent density (0.42 mA/cm² vs. 0.18 mA/cm²) and a 1.8-fold improvement in hydrogen evolution rate (HER) (112 µmol/g/h vs. 62 µmol/g/h), underscoring its potential for solar energy conversion.
The structural and morphological advantages of Ti3C2Tx/Bi2WO6 composites further amplify their photocatalytic performance. Advanced characterization techniques, such as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confirm the formation of intimate heterojunctions between Ti3C2Tx nanosheets and Bi2WO6 nanoplates, with an interfacial contact area exceeding 85%. This configuration enhances light absorption across a broad spectrum, with the composite achieving an absorption edge at 470 nm compared to 450 nm for pure Bi2WO6. Moreover, the specific surface area of the composite increases by 40% (78 m²/g vs. 55 m²/g), providing abundant active sites for photocatalytic reactions.
The mechanistic insights into the photocatalytic activity of Ti3C2Tx/Bi2WO6 composites reveal a dual Z-scheme charge transfer pathway, which significantly boosts redox potential and minimizes charge recombination. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that the work function difference between Ti3C2Tx (4.5 eV) and Bi2WO6 (5.1 eV) creates an internal electric field at their interface, driving efficient separation of photogenerated carriers. This mechanism results in a 70% reduction in electron-hole recombination lifetime (12 ns vs. 40 ns) and a 50% increase in hydroxyl radical generation rate (1.8 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L/min vs. 1.2 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L/min), as confirmed by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy.
The environmental applications of Ti3C2Tx/Bi2WO6 composites extend beyond organic pollutant degradation to include CO₂ reduction and heavy metal ion removal. Experimental data show that the composite achieves a CO₂ conversion rate of 32 µmol/g/h under simulated sunlight, outperforming pristine Bi2WO6 by a factor of 1.5 (21 µmol/g/h). Furthermore, it demonstrates exceptional efficiency in Cr(VI) reduction, with a removal rate of 98% within 30 minutes, compared to 75% for Bi2WO6 alone. These results highlight the versatility and robustness of Ti3C2Tx/Bi2WO6 composites in addressing multifaceted environmental challenges.
Scalability and stability are critical factors for practical deployment of photocatalysts, and Ti3C2Tx/Bi2WO6 composites excel in both aspects. Long-term stability tests reveal that the composite retains over 90% of its initial activity after five consecutive cycles, attributed to the robust chemical bonding between Ti3C2Tx and Bi2WO6 layers demonstrated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, large-scale synthesis methods have been developed, yielding production rates exceeding 500 g/day with consistent quality control (<5% variability). These advancements position Ti3C2Tx/Bi2WO6 composites as a commercially viable solution for sustainable environmental remediation.
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