Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are gaining traction as sustainable alternatives to Li-ion batteries due to sodium's abundance (~2.36% Earth's crust vs.Li's ~0.0017%).Hard carbon anodes are the most promising candidates offering capacities up t o300mAh/g.A recent Nature Energy study showcased hard carbon derived from biomass achieving reversible capacities o f280mAh/g with excellent rate capability(>100m Ah/ga t5 C).
Intercalation-based materials like layered oxides(Na xTMO2)and polyanionic compounds(Na3V2(PO4 )3 )are also being explored.Na xTMO2anode sshow high initial capacities(~200m Ah/ g)b ut suffer from phase transitions during cycling.Recent work i nAdvanced Materials introduced doping strategies stabilizing these phases resulting i ncapacity retention>90 %after500 cycles.
Alloying materials such as tin(Sn)and antimony(Sb )offer even higher capacities(~600m Ah/ g)b ut face challenges o fvolume expansion(~400 %for Sn ).Nanostructuring an dcomposite formation have mitigated these issues.A Science Advances paper demonstrated Sn-C composites retaining>80 %capacity after200 cycles du eto buffering effects o fthe carbon matrix.
Electrolyte compatibility is crucial fo rSIB performance.Carbonate-based electrolytes often lead t opoor SEI formation reducing Coulombic efficiency(<80 %).Advanced electrolytes using ether solvents(e.g.,diglyme )have improved efficiency t o>99 %.A recent Joule article highlighted diglyme-based electrolytes enabling stable cycling o fhard carbon anodes fo r>1000 cycles.
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