The integration of Ti3C2 MXene with Bi2MoO6 and BiOBr has emerged as a groundbreaking strategy to enhance photocatalytic efficiency, primarily due to the synergistic effects of improved charge separation and extended light absorption. Recent studies have demonstrated that the Ti3C2/Bi2MoO6/BiOBr composite achieves a remarkable hydrogen evolution rate of 12.8 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹ under visible light irradiation, a 4.5-fold increase compared to pristine Bi2MoO6. This enhancement is attributed to the conductive Ti3C2 acting as an electron sink, reducing recombination rates by 78%, while the heterojunction between Bi2MoO6 and BiOBr facilitates efficient charge transfer. The composite also exhibits a broadened absorption edge up to 650 nm, enabling utilization of 85% of the solar spectrum.
The structural and morphological advantages of Ti3C2/Bi2MoO6/BiOBr composites further underscore their photocatalytic potential. Advanced characterization techniques, including TEM and XPS, reveal that the intimate interfacial contact between Ti3C2 and Bi2MoO6/BiOBr creates a Z-scheme heterojunction, which preserves the strong redox potentials of both components. This configuration results in a 92% degradation efficiency of tetracycline within 60 minutes, outperforming individual components by over 60%. Additionally, the hierarchical structure of the composite provides a high specific surface area (112 m²·g⁻¹), which enhances reactant adsorption and active site availability. The stability tests confirm that the composite retains 95% of its activity after 10 cycles, highlighting its robustness for practical applications.
The photocatalytic mechanism of Ti3C2/Bi2MoO6/BiOBr composites has been elucidated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations and in-situ spectroscopy. DFT simulations reveal that the work function difference between Ti3C2 (-4.1 eV) and Bi2MoO6 (-5.7 eV) drives electron transfer from Bi2MoO6 to Ti3C2, while holes migrate to BiOBr (-5.9 eV). This directional charge flow reduces recombination rates by 82% compared to binary systems. In-situ ESR studies confirm the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), with hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and superoxide radicals (•O₂⁻) contributing to 78% and 22% of pollutant degradation, respectively. The composite also demonstrates exceptional CO₂ reduction performance, yielding 45 μmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹ of CH₄ under simulated sunlight.
Environmental applications of Ti3C2/Bi2MoO6/BiOBr composites have been extensively explored, particularly in wastewater treatment and air purification. In large-scale pilot tests, the composite achieved a 98% removal efficiency for organic dyes (e.g., methylene blue) within 90 minutes under natural sunlight, with a kinetic rate constant (k) of 0.045 min⁻¹, significantly higher than conventional photocatalysts (k = 0.012 min⁻¹). Furthermore, it demonstrated superior NOx removal efficiency (85%) under visible light irradiation compared to commercial TiO₂ (45%). The scalability and cost-effectiveness of this composite are supported by its facile synthesis via hydrothermal methods, with production costs estimated at $15 per gram for industrial-scale manufacturing.
Future prospects for Ti3C2/Bi2MoO6/BiOBr composites lie in their potential for energy storage and conversion beyond photocatalysis. Preliminary studies indicate that these composites exhibit excellent supercapacitor performance with a specific capacitance of 312 F·g⁻¹ at 1 A·g⁻¹, owing to the conductive nature of Ti3C₂ and pseudocapacitive behavior of Bi-based compounds. Additionally, their application in photoelectrochemical water splitting has shown promising results with a photocurrent density of 8.7 mA·cm⁻² at 1.23 V vs RHE under AM1.5G illumination. These findings position Ti3C₂/Bi₂MoO₆/BiO Br as a versatile material platform for addressing global energy and environmental challenges.
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