Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have emerged as a revolutionary material for optoelectronic applications due to their tunable bandgap, high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of up to 90%, and exceptional biocompatibility. Recent studies have demonstrated CQDs with emission wavelengths ranging from 400 nm to 800 nm, enabling their use in next-generation LEDs and solar cells. For instance, CQD-based perovskite solar cells have achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCE) exceeding 22%, rivaling traditional silicon-based devices. The synthesis of CQDs via green chemistry methods, such as hydrothermal carbonization of biomass, has further enhanced their sustainability.
The integration of CQDs into flexible electronics has opened new avenues for wearable technology. Researchers have developed stretchable CQD films with a Young's modulus of 0.5 GPa and elongation at break exceeding 50%, making them ideal for bendable displays and sensors. Moreover, the incorporation of heteroatoms like nitrogen and sulfur into CQDs has improved their charge carrier mobility to over 100 cm²/Vs, comparable to graphene. This has enabled the fabrication of ultrafast photodetectors with response times as low as 10 picoseconds.
CQDs are also being explored for quantum computing applications due to their ability to host single-photon emitters at room temperature. Recent experiments have demonstrated spin coherence times of up to 1 microsecond in nitrogen-vacancy centers within CQDs, a critical parameter for qubit stability. Additionally, the coupling of CQDs with plasmonic nanostructures has led to enhanced light-matter interactions, achieving Purcell factors greater than 1000. These advancements position CQDs as a key material for scalable quantum networks.
The environmental impact of CQD production is another area of active research. Life cycle assessments (LCA) have shown that biomass-derived CQDs can reduce carbon footprints by up to 70% compared to conventional semiconductor materials like cadmium selenide (CdSe). Furthermore, the biodegradability of CQDs minimizes electronic waste accumulation, addressing one of the major challenges in sustainable electronics development.
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