Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved remarkable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 25%, rivaling traditional silicon-based cells. However, stability remains a critical challenge. Recent breakthroughs involve encapsulating perovskites with hydrophobic layers, increasing operational lifetimes from <100 hours to >1,000 hours under continuous illumination at 85°C and 85% relative humidity. This represents a tenfold improvement in durability while maintaining PCEs above 22%.
The incorporation of inorganic perovskite variants, such as CsPbI3, has significantly enhanced thermal stability. These materials exhibit phase stability up to 400°C and retain over 90% of their initial efficiency after 500 hours of thermal cycling. Additionally, doping strategies using elements like potassium and rubidium have reduced ion migration rates by up to 80%, mitigating performance degradation caused by defect formation in the perovskite lattice.
Advanced fabrication techniques like vapor-assisted solution processing (VASP) have enabled the production of large-area perovskite films with uniform thicknesses (<10 nm variation). This has led to scalable manufacturing processes capable of producing modules with efficiencies exceeding 20% on areas >100 cm². Such advancements are crucial for commercializing PSCs and reducing their levelized cost of energy (LCOE) below $0.03/kWh.
Integration with tandem architectures has further boosted PSC performance. For example, perovskite-silicon tandem cells have achieved record PCEs of over 29%, surpassing single-junction silicon cells. These tandem configurations leverage the complementary absorption spectra of perovskites and silicon, achieving photon utilization efficiencies above 95%. With ongoing research focused on interface engineering and defect passivation, PSCs are poised to dominate the next generation of photovoltaic technologies.
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