MXenes are emerging as promising anode materials due to their high electrical conductivity (~10^4 S/cm), tunable surface chemistry, and excellent mechanical properties. Ti3C2Tx MXene anodes have demonstrated capacities of ~400 mAh/g at low rates (<0.1C) and ~200 mAh/g at high rates (>5C), outperforming traditional graphite anodes in terms of rate capability. The unique layered structure allows for rapid ion diffusion with diffusion coefficients as high as 10^-8 cm^2/s.
Recent advancements in MXene functionalization have further enhanced their electrochemical performance. For example, nitrogen-doped MXenes exhibit increased capacities (~450 mAh/g) due to improved Li+ adsorption energies (-1.2 eV vs -0.8 eV for pristine MXenes). Additionally, hybrid structures combining MXenes with transition metal oxides (e.g., TiO2 or SnO2) have achieved capacities exceeding 600 mAh/g with >90% retention after 500 cycles.
The mechanical flexibility of MXenes makes them ideal for flexible battery applications. Studies have shown that MXene-based electrodes can withstand bending radii as small as 1 mm without significant performance degradation (~5% capacity loss after 1000 bending cycles). Furthermore, their hydrophilicity allows for easy processing into thin films (<10 µm thick), enabling high areal capacities (>4 mAh/cm^2).
Future research is exploring MXene-based solid-state batteries using sulfide-based SSEs like Li6PS5Cl or Li10GeP2S12 (~10^-3 S/cm at RT). These systems promise enhanced safety while maintaining high energy densities (>400 Wh/kg). Additionally computational studies using density functional theory (DFT) are guiding the design of new MXene compositions with optimized interlayer spacing for faster ion transport.
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