Recent advancements in Ti3C2/Bi2WO6/ZnO composites have demonstrated unprecedented efficiency in solar energy harvesting, achieving a photoconversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.7% under AM 1.5G illumination, a 32% improvement over standalone Bi2WO6. The incorporation of Ti3C2 MXene as a conductive scaffold enhances charge carrier mobility, reducing recombination rates by 45%, while ZnO nanoparticles provide a high surface area (112 m²/g) for enhanced light absorption. The synergistic effect of these components results in a broadened absorption spectrum, extending into the near-infrared region (up to 1100 nm), which is critical for maximizing solar energy utilization.
The photocatalytic performance of Ti3C2/Bi2WO6/ZnO composites has been optimized through precise control of heterojunction interfaces, achieving a hydrogen evolution rate of 12.8 mmol/g/h, a 67% increase compared to Bi2WO6 alone. This enhancement is attributed to the formation of Type-II heterojunctions between Bi2WO6 and ZnO, which facilitate efficient electron-hole separation with a quantum yield of 0.78 at 420 nm. Additionally, the introduction of Ti3C2 as a co-catalyst reduces the overpotential for hydrogen evolution by 210 mV, further boosting catalytic activity.
The stability and durability of Ti3C2/Bi2WO6/ZnO composites have been rigorously tested under continuous illumination for 500 hours, retaining 92% of their initial photocatalytic activity. This exceptional stability is due to the robust chemical bonding between Ti3C2 and Bi2WO6/ZnO, as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, which shows minimal oxidation state changes in Ti (from +4 to +3.8) and W (from +6 to +5.9). Furthermore, the composite exhibits excellent resistance to photocorrosion, with only a 5% loss in mass after prolonged exposure to acidic conditions (pH = 3).
Scalability and cost-effectiveness are key advantages of Ti3C2/Bi2WO6/ZnO composites, with production costs estimated at $12/kg, significantly lower than traditional Pt-based catalysts ($150/kg). The synthesis process involves a facile hydrothermal method at 180°C for 12 hours, yielding high-purity composites with a crystallinity index of 95%. Large-scale fabrication trials have demonstrated consistent performance across batches, with PCE variations of less than ±1%, making this material highly suitable for industrial applications.
Environmental impact assessments reveal that Ti3C2/Bi2WO6/ZnO composites exhibit minimal ecological footprint during production and operation. Life cycle analysis (LCA) indicates a carbon emission reduction of 1.8 kg CO₂/kg composite compared to conventional photocatalysts. Moreover, the composite’s ability to degrade organic pollutants such as methylene blue with an efficiency of 98% within 90 minutes underscores its dual functionality in both energy harvesting and environmental remediation.
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