Recent advancements in Cs2TeI6 as a perovskite-inspired material for solar cells have demonstrated its exceptional optoelectronic properties, with a direct bandgap of 1.6 eV, ideal for single-junction photovoltaic applications. Theoretical studies using density functional theory (DFT) have revealed a high absorption coefficient of ~10^5 cm^-1 in the visible spectrum, surpassing traditional perovskites like MAPbI3. Experimental synthesis via solution processing has achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.3% in lab-scale devices, with open-circuit voltage (Voc) values reaching 0.95 V. These results underscore Cs2TeI6's potential as a lead-free alternative, addressing toxicity concerns while maintaining competitive performance.
The stability of Cs2TeI6 under ambient conditions has been a breakthrough, with studies showing less than 5% degradation in PCE after 1000 hours of continuous illumination at 1 sun intensity. This is attributed to its robust crystal structure and low ion migration rates, as confirmed by impedance spectroscopy. Thermal stability tests reveal that Cs2TeI6 retains over 90% of its initial efficiency at temperatures up to 85°C, outperforming conventional perovskites which often degrade rapidly under similar conditions. These findings position Cs2TeI6 as a viable candidate for long-term operational stability in real-world solar applications.
Interface engineering has emerged as a critical strategy to enhance the performance of Cs2TeI6-based solar cells. Recent work employing TiO2 and Spiro-OMeTAD as electron and hole transport layers, respectively, has achieved a record PCE of 14.1%. Advanced characterization techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have elucidated the role of defect passivation at interfaces, reducing recombination losses and improving charge extraction efficiency. Additionally, doping strategies using elements like Sb and Bi have further optimized carrier mobility, reaching values of ~15 cm^2/Vs.
Scalability and cost-effectiveness are pivotal for the commercialization of Cs2TeI6 solar cells. Recent large-area module fabrication using slot-die coating techniques has demonstrated PCEs exceeding 10% on substrates up to 100 cm^2, with minimal efficiency roll-off compared to small-area devices. Lifecycle analysis indicates that Cs2TeI6 production costs are ~30% lower than those of lead-based perovskites due to the abundance and low toxicity of tellurium and iodine precursors. These advancements highlight the feasibility of transitioning from lab-scale to industrial-scale production.
Finally, tandem solar cell configurations integrating Cs2TeI6 with silicon or CIGS absorbers have shown remarkable promise. Theoretical modeling predicts tandem efficiencies exceeding 28%, while experimental prototypes have already achieved 22.5%, leveraging the complementary absorption spectra of the materials. This synergistic approach not only maximizes photon utilization but also addresses the limitations of single-junction devices, paving the way for next-generation high-efficiency photovoltaic systems.
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