Recent advancements in BaTiO3-based relaxor ferroelectrics have demonstrated exceptional energy storage capabilities, driven by the optimization of compositional engineering and nanostructuring. By introducing A-site and B-site dopants such as La³⁺ and Nb⁵⁺, researchers have achieved a significant enhancement in relaxor behavior, characterized by a slim polarization-electric field (P-E) hysteresis loop. For instance, a breakthrough study reported a recoverable energy density (Wrec) of 6.2 J/cm³ with an efficiency (η) of 88% in BaTiO3-La(Nb)O3 ceramics, surpassing traditional ferroelectric materials. This improvement is attributed to the formation of polar nanoregions (PNRs), which reduce remnant polarization (Pr) while maintaining high maximum polarization (Pmax). The results are summarized as: 'BaTiO3-La(Nb)O3 ceramics, Wrec=6.2 J/cm³, η=88%, Pr=5 µC/cm², Pmax=35 µC/cm²'.
The integration of nanoscale heterostructures has further propelled the performance of BaTiO3-based relaxor ferroelectrics. By fabricating multilayered thin films with alternating layers of BaTiO3 and SrTiO3, researchers have achieved a synergistic effect that enhances dielectric breakdown strength (BDS) and energy storage density. A recent study reported a record-breaking BDS of 800 kV/cm in BaTiO3/SrTiO3 multilayers, yielding a Wrec of 8.5 J/cm³ with an efficiency of 92%. This is attributed to the interfacial coupling effect, which suppresses leakage current and delays dielectric breakdown. The results are summarized as: 'BaTiO3/SrTiO3 multilayers, Wrec=8.5 J/cm³, η=92%, BDS=800 kV/cm'.
Another frontier in this field is the development of lead-free BaTiO3-based relaxor ferroelectrics for sustainable energy storage applications. By incorporating BiFeO3 into BaTiO3 matrices, researchers have achieved a Wrec of 7.1 J/cm³ with an efficiency of 90%, while maintaining excellent thermal stability up to 150°C. This breakthrough is particularly significant for high-temperature applications such as electric vehicles and aerospace systems. The results are summarized as: 'BaTiO3-BiFeO3 composites, Wrec=7.1 J/cm³, η=90%, thermal stability up to 150°C'.
The role of advanced fabrication techniques such as spark plasma sintering (SPS) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) has also been pivotal in enhancing the performance of BaTiO3-based relaxor ferroelectrics. SPS enables the synthesis of highly dense ceramics with minimal defects, resulting in a Wrec of 6.8 J/cm³ and an efficiency of 89%. Meanwhile, ALD allows for precise control over film thickness and composition at the atomic level, achieving a Wrec of 9.0 J/cm³ in ultra-thin BaTiO3 films with an efficiency exceeding 93%. The results are summarized as: 'SPS-sintered BaTiO3 ceramics, Wrec=6.8 J/cm³, η=89%; ALD-fabricated BaTiO3 films, Wrec=9.0 J/cm³, η>93%'.
Finally, computational modeling and machine learning have emerged as powerful tools for accelerating the discovery and optimization of BaTiO3-based relaxor ferroelectrics. By leveraging density functional theory (DFT) and high-throughput screening algorithms, researchers have identified novel dopant combinations that enhance energy storage performance while reducing material costs. For example, DFT-predicted Mg²⁺-doped BaTiO3 exhibited a Wrec of 6.5 J/cm³ with an efficiency of 91%, validated experimentally within a margin of error less than 5%. The results are summarized as: 'Mg²⁺-doped BaTiO3 predicted by DFT/ML models, Wrec=6.5 J/cm³, η=91%, experimental error<5%'.
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