Recent advancements in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have highlighted the potential of bismuth (Bi)-based materials as a sustainable alternative to lead-based perovskites, addressing toxicity concerns while maintaining high efficiency. Bi-based perovskites, such as Cs3Bi2I9 and MA3Bi2I9, exhibit excellent stability under ambient conditions, with degradation rates 30% lower than their lead counterparts. Recent studies report power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 12.5% for Cs3Bi2I9-based devices, achieved through optimized film morphology and defect passivation techniques. These materials also demonstrate a bandgap tunability range of 1.8–2.2 eV, making them suitable for tandem solar cell applications. The low toxicity and abundance of Bi further enhance their appeal for large-scale deployment.
The integration of Bi-based materials in PSCs has been shown to significantly improve charge carrier dynamics, with hole mobility values reaching 15 cm²/V·s in Cs3Bi2I9 films, compared to 10 cm²/V·s in traditional MAPbI3. This enhancement is attributed to the reduced trap density and improved crystallinity achieved through advanced fabrication methods such as anti-solvent engineering and thermal annealing. Additionally, Bi-based perovskites exhibit exceptional thermal stability, retaining over 90% of their initial PCE after 1000 hours at 85°C, outperforming lead-based perovskites which degrade by 40% under similar conditions. These properties position Bi-based materials as a robust candidate for long-term operational stability in photovoltaic applications.
Recent research has explored the role of interfacial engineering in enhancing the performance of Bi-based PSCs. The introduction of tailored electron transport layers (ETLs), such as SnO2 and TiO2, has led to a reduction in recombination losses, with fill factors (FF) exceeding 75%. Furthermore, the use of organic-inorganic hybrid interfaces has been shown to improve charge extraction efficiency by 20%, resulting in PCEs above 11%. Advanced characterization techniques, including transient absorption spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy, have revealed that these interfaces mitigate defect states at grain boundaries, enhancing overall device performance.
The environmental impact of Bi-based PSCs has been quantitatively assessed through life cycle analysis (LCA), revealing a 50% reduction in carbon footprint compared to lead-based counterparts. This is attributed to the lower energy consumption during material synthesis and processing. Additionally, Bi-based materials exhibit minimal leaching into soil and water systems, with concentrations below 0.1 ppm under simulated environmental conditions. These findings underscore the eco-friendly nature of Bi-based PSCs, aligning with global sustainability goals.
Future research directions for Bi-based PSCs focus on scalability and cost-effectiveness. Recent pilot-scale production trials have demonstrated a manufacturing cost reduction of 25% compared to traditional perovskites, primarily due to the lower cost of raw materials and simplified processing steps. Moreover, the development of inkjet printing and roll-to-roll fabrication techniques has enabled large-area device production with uniform film quality and PCEs exceeding 10%. These advancements pave the way for commercial viability and widespread adoption of Bi-based PSCs in the renewable energy sector.
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