MXenes, a class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have emerged as a revolutionary platform for drug delivery due to their unique physicochemical properties. Recent studies have demonstrated that MXenes exhibit exceptional drug loading capacities, with Ti3C2Tx achieving a loading efficiency of 98.7% for doxorubicin (DOX) due to their high surface area (up to 260 m²/g) and tunable surface chemistry. The controlled release kinetics of MXene-based systems can be precisely modulated by pH, with DOX release rates increasing from 15% at pH 7.4 to 85% at pH 5.0, mimicking the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, MXenes' photothermal conversion efficiency (η = 40.6%) enables synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy, enhancing therapeutic efficacy by up to 90% in vitro compared to chemotherapy alone.
The biocompatibility and biodegradability of MXenes have been extensively validated, making them ideal for in vivo applications. In a murine model, Ti3C2Tx-based drug delivery systems exhibited negligible systemic toxicity, with a survival rate of 100% over 30 days post-administration. Furthermore, MXenes' biodegradation into non-toxic byproducts (e.g., TiO2 and CO2) was confirmed within 14 days in physiological conditions, ensuring long-term safety. The incorporation of targeting ligands such as folic acid onto MXene surfaces has enhanced tumor-specific accumulation by up to 3.5-fold compared to non-targeted systems, as quantified by fluorescence imaging and biodistribution studies.
MXenes' versatility extends to their ability to co-deliver multiple therapeutic agents simultaneously. For instance, Ti3C2Tx nanosheets loaded with DOX and siRNA achieved a synergistic gene silencing efficiency of 92% while maintaining a DOX release rate of 80% at pH 5.0. This dual-delivery approach significantly reduced tumor volume by 85% in a xenograft mouse model compared to single-agent therapies. The integration of MXenes with stimuli-responsive polymers further enhances their functionality; for example, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-coated MXenes exhibited temperature-dependent drug release, with a 70% increase in release rate at 42°C compared to 37°C.
The scalability and cost-effectiveness of MXene synthesis have been addressed through advanced fabrication techniques such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and hydrothermal etching. Recent advancements have reduced production costs by up to 60%, making large-scale clinical translation feasible. Moreover, the integration of MXenes into hydrogel matrices has enabled sustained drug release over extended periods; for example, MXene-incorporated alginate hydrogels demonstrated a continuous DOX release over 168 hours with minimal burst effects (<10%). This innovation holds promise for chronic disease management and long-term therapeutic applications.
Future directions in MXene-based drug delivery systems focus on multifunctional platforms combining diagnostics and therapy (theranostics). For instance, gadolinium-functionalized MXenes have shown dual-modal MRI/fluorescence imaging capabilities with a relaxivity (r1) of 12 mM⁻¹s⁻¹ and quantum yield (QY) of 0.45, alongside sustained drug release profiles. Such advancements pave the way for personalized medicine, where real-time monitoring and adaptive therapy can be achieved within a single nanoplatform.
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