Metasurfaces composed of subwavelength nanostructures have emerged as a powerful platform for controlling quantum light states at unprecedented scales. Recent designs using titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanopillars achieve phase modulation with a resolution better than λ/50 (λ ≈ 1550 nm), enabling precise manipulation of single-photon wavefronts. These metasurfaces have demonstrated Hong-Ou-Mandel interference visibilities exceeding 98%, rivaling traditional bulk optics setups while being orders of magnitude more compact (<100 µm^2). Such capabilities are essential for quantum communication protocols like entanglement swapping and teleportation.
The integration of metasurfaces with single-photon sources has enabled deterministic photon pair generation with heralding efficiencies above 80%. By embedding nonlinear materials like gallium arsenide (GaAs) into metasurface arrays, researchers have achieved spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) rates exceeding 10^6 pairs/s/mW under continuous-wave pumping at λ = 800 nm. These systems also exhibit ultra-low jitter (<10 ps), making them ideal for time-bin encoding in quantum key distribution (QKD) systems operating at GHz clock rates. The compact form factor (<1 mm^2) further facilitates integration into portable quantum devices.
Metasurfaces have been employed to realize high-dimensional quantum states encoded in orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes. Using spiral phase plates based on silicon nitride (Si3N4), researchers have generated OAM modes up to l = ±10 with purity levels exceeding 99%. This enables high-capacity quantum communication channels capable of transmitting >100 bits per photon pair. Additionally, OAM multiplexing has been demonstrated over free-space links spanning several kilometers with minimal crosstalk (<1%), showcasing the potential for satellite-based quantum networks.
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