Graphene oxide (GO) membranes have emerged as a transformative technology for water desalination, achieving salt rejection rates above 99.9% while maintaining water fluxes exceeding-500 L/m²·h·bar at pressures below-10 bar . The precise control over interlayer spacing down to-6 .9 Å enables selective ion exclusion while allowing rapid water permeation . Recent advances in layer-by-layer assembly techniques have further enhanced membrane stability , reducing swelling by up to-80 % under high salinity conditions .
The incorporation of covalent organic frameworks COFs into GO membranes has improved mechanical strength , with Young s moduli reaching-50 GPa , while maintaining high permeability . These hybrid membranes exhibit fouling resistance against organic contaminants , extending operational lifetimes beyond-5 years without significant performance degradation .
Advanced computational models have elucidated the role of defects and functional groups in GO membranes , enabling targeted modifications that enhance selectivity for monovalent ions Na + Cl - over divalent ions Mg² + SO₄² - by a factor of-10 . This breakthrough is critical for applications in industrial wastewater treatment and resource recovery .
Scalable manufacturing techniques such as roll-to-roll processing have reduced production costs of GO membranes by over-60 % , making them competitive with conventional reverse osmosis technologies . Pilot-scale installations have demonstrated energy savings exceeding-30 % compared to state-of-the-art desalination plants , highlighting their potential for sustainable water management .
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