Sodium metal anodes are gaining attention due to their abundance and low cost compared to lithium. However, sodium's high reactivity and propensity for dendrite formation pose significant challenges. Artificial interphases engineered using materials like graphene oxide (GO) or MXenes have shown remarkable improvements in stabilizing sodium deposition. For example, GO-coated electrodes exhibit nucleation overpotentials as low as 20 mV and uniform sodium plating at current densities up to 5 mA/cm^2. These interphases also enhance Coulombic efficiency (CE) from <80% to >99% over extended cycling (>200 cycles).
The chemical composition and thickness of artificial interphases play a critical role in their performance. Studies have demonstrated that ultrathin layers (<10 nm) of AlF3 or Na3SbS4 can effectively suppress side reactions while maintaining low interfacial resistance (<50 Ω cm^2). Advanced characterization techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have revealed that these interphases form stable solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs) with minimal sodium loss (<0.1% per cycle). This is crucial for achieving long-term stability in sodium-ion batteries targeting energy densities above 300 Wh/kg.
Scalability remains a key challenge for artificial interphase technologies. Current fabrication methods such as ALD or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are costly and time-consuming, limiting their commercial viability. Recent innovations include solution-based coating techniques using polymers like polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or polyethylene oxide (PEO), which can be applied at scale while maintaining performance metrics comparable to vapor-deposited layers. Additionally, self-healing interphases incorporating dynamic covalent bonds are being explored to extend cycle life under harsh operating conditions (>1000 cycles).
Future research will focus on optimizing the multifunctionality of artificial interphases by integrating conductive additives or redox-active species to enhance both ionic and electronic transport properties. Computational studies suggest that hybrid interphases combining inorganic compounds like NaF with organic polymers could achieve synergistic effects, further improving sodium deposition kinetics and SEI stability.
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