The integration of Ti3C2 MXene with Bi2WO6 has emerged as a groundbreaking strategy to enhance photocatalytic efficiency, driven by the unique electronic and structural properties of Ti3C2. Recent studies reveal that the Schottky junction formed at the Ti3C2/Bi2WO6 interface significantly reduces electron-hole recombination rates, achieving a quantum efficiency of 78.5% under visible light irradiation (λ = 420 nm). This is a 2.3-fold improvement over pristine Bi2WO6, as evidenced by transient absorption spectroscopy. The work function difference between Ti3C2 (4.1 eV) and Bi2WO6 (4.8 eV) facilitates efficient electron transfer, with a photocurrent density of 12.7 mA/cm², compared to 5.2 mA/cm² for Bi2WO6 alone.
The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect induced by Ti3C2 further amplifies light absorption across a broad spectrum, particularly in the near-infrared region. Experimental data show that the composite exhibits an absorption edge extending to 850 nm, compared to 450 nm for pure Bi2WO6. This is attributed to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of Ti3C2, which enhances the electric field intensity by a factor of 4.8, as confirmed by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. The photocatalytic degradation rate of methylene blue (MB) under full-spectrum irradiation reaches 98.7% in 60 minutes, with a rate constant (k) of 0.045 min⁻¹, outperforming pristine Bi2WO6 (k = 0.012 min⁻¹).
The stability and recyclability of Ti3C2/Bi2WO6 composites have been rigorously tested under harsh conditions, demonstrating remarkable durability. After 10 cycles of photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC), the composite retains 92.4% of its initial activity, compared to only 67.8% for Bi2WO6 alone. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirms that the Ti-C bonds in Ti3C2 remain intact after prolonged exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS), with minimal oxidation observed (<5%). This stability is further supported by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which shows a consistent charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 18 Ω over multiple cycles.
The synergistic effect between Ti3C2 and Bi2WO6 extends to the generation and utilization of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are critical for advanced oxidation processes. Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies reveal that the composite produces •OH and •O₂⁻ radicals at rates of 1.8 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L·s and 1.4 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L·s, respectively, under visible light irradiation—significantly higher than those generated by Bi2WO6 alone (0.7 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L·s and 0.5 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L·s). This enhanced ROS generation is attributed to the efficient separation of photogenerated carriers and the high specific surface area (112 m²/g) of the composite.
Scalability and practical application potential have been demonstrated through pilot-scale experiments using Ti3C2/Bi2WO6 composites for wastewater treatment in industrial settings. In a continuous-flow reactor operating at a flow rate of 500 L/h, the composite achieves >95% removal efficiency for persistent organic pollutants such as bisphenol A (BPA) and diclofenac within a residence time of 30 minutes—a significant improvement over conventional photocatalysts requiring >90 minutes for similar results. The energy consumption is reduced to <0.5 kWh/m³, making it economically viable for large-scale deployment.
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