Lithium metal anodes are critical for achieving high-rate capabilities due to their ultrahigh theoretical capacity of 3,860 mAh/g and low electrochemical potential (-3.04 V vs SHE). However, dendrite formation during rapid cycling poses significant safety risks. Recent studies have demonstrated that electrolyte additives like fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) can form stable solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs), reducing dendrite growth by ~90% at current densities of up to 10 mA/cm². This enables stable cycling over 1,000 cycles with Coulombic efficiencies exceeding 99%.
Nanostructured lithium hosts have emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing high-rate performance. Three-dimensional porous frameworks like graphene aerogels can accommodate volume changes during cycling while providing uniform current distribution. These hosts have enabled lithium deposition at rates exceeding 20 mA/cm² without dendrite formation. Additionally, lithiophilic coatings such as ZnO nanoparticles further enhance nucleation uniformity, reducing overpotentials by ~50 mV during plating/stripping processes.
Advanced characterization techniques have provided insights into dendrite suppression mechanisms at high rates. In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies have revealed that localized electric fields drive dendrite growth under rapid cycling conditions. By modulating electrolyte compositions to achieve uniform ion flux distributions, researchers have suppressed dendrite formation even at extreme rates of 50C (full discharge in ~72 seconds). These findings pave the way for safer and more efficient lithium metal anodes in high-power applications.
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