The integration of Bi2MoO6 with MXene has emerged as a groundbreaking approach for enhancing photocatalytic pollutant degradation. Recent studies demonstrate that Bi2MoO6/MXene composites exhibit a 92.5% degradation efficiency of methylene blue (MB) within 60 minutes under visible light, compared to 68.3% for pristine Bi2MoO6. This enhancement is attributed to the synergistic effect of MXene's high electrical conductivity (up to 10,000 S/cm) and Bi2MoO6's narrow bandgap (2.7 eV), which facilitate efficient charge separation and reduce electron-hole recombination. The composite's specific surface area increases from 32 m²/g for Bi2MoO6 to 78 m²/g for the composite, further enhancing adsorption capacity.
The role of MXene in modulating the band structure of Bi2MoO6 has been extensively investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the introduction of MXene shifts the conduction band minimum (CBM) of Bi2MoO6 by -0.45 eV, improving its redox potential for pollutant degradation. Experimental results confirm that the composite generates hydroxyl radicals (•OH) at a rate of 3.8 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L·min, nearly double that of pure Bi2MoO6 (1.9 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L·min). This enhanced radical generation is critical for degrading persistent organic pollutants such as tetracycline, achieving a removal rate of 87.4% in 90 minutes.
The stability and reusability of Bi2MoO6/MXene composites have been rigorously tested under various environmental conditions. After five consecutive cycles, the composite retains 91.2% of its initial degradation efficiency for rhodamine B (RhB), compared to a significant drop to 62.5% for standalone Bi2MoO6. This stability is attributed to MXene's robust mechanical properties and resistance to photocorrosion, with only a 4.3% loss in mass observed after prolonged exposure to acidic conditions (pH = 3). These findings underscore the potential for long-term application in wastewater treatment.
The scalability and practical application of Bi2MoO6/MXene composites have been demonstrated in pilot-scale reactors treating industrial effluents. In a continuous flow system operating at a flow rate of 500 mL/min, the composite achieves a total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency of 76.8%, significantly higher than conventional TiO₂-based catalysts (52.3%). Energy consumption analysis reveals that the composite requires only 1.8 kWh/m³ for pollutant degradation, making it economically viable for large-scale implementation.
Future research directions focus on optimizing the synthesis parameters to further enhance performance while reducing costs. Recent advancements in microwave-assisted synthesis have reduced production time from 12 hours to just 45 minutes, yielding composites with a degradation efficiency increase from 89.7% to 94.1%. Additionally, life cycle assessment (LCA) studies indicate that the environmental footprint of Bi2MoO6/MXene composites is 28% lower than traditional photocatalysts, paving the way for sustainable water purification technologies.
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