Recent advancements in Ti3C2/BiFeO3 composites have demonstrated exceptional multiferroic properties, combining the high conductivity of MXene (Ti3C2) with the robust ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic characteristics of BiFeO3. Studies reveal that the incorporation of Ti3C2 into BiFeO3 matrices enhances electrical conductivity by up to 300% while maintaining a ferroelectric polarization of 60 µC/cm² at room temperature. This synergy is attributed to the interfacial coupling between the two materials, which facilitates efficient charge transfer and minimizes leakage currents. Additionally, the composite exhibits a magnetoelectric coupling coefficient (α) of 12 mV/cm·Oe, significantly higher than pure BiFeO3 (α = 5 mV/cm·Oe). These findings suggest that Ti3C2/BiFeO3 composites are promising candidates for next-generation multiferroic devices.
The structural and morphological properties of Ti3C2/BiFeO3 composites have been extensively characterized using advanced techniques such as TEM, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. TEM imaging reveals a well-defined interface between the layered Ti3C2 and perovskite BiFeO3, with an interlayer spacing of 0.98 nm for Ti3C2 and a lattice parameter of 3.96 Å for BiFeO3. XRD analysis confirms the preservation of both phases without significant impurity formation, while Raman spectra show distinct peaks at 135 cm⁻¹ (BiFeO3) and 720 cm⁻¹ (Ti3C2), indicating minimal structural degradation during synthesis. These structural insights are critical for optimizing the composite's performance in multiferroic applications.
The magnetic properties of Ti3C2/BiFeO3 composites have been investigated using SQUID magnetometry, revealing a significant enhancement in magnetic ordering compared to pure BiFeO3. The composite exhibits a Néel temperature (T_N) of 643 K, slightly higher than that of BiFeO3 (T_N = 640 K), and a saturation magnetization (M_s) of 0.12 emu/g at room temperature, compared to 0.08 emu/g for pure BiFeO3. This improvement is attributed to the strain-induced modulation of magnetic moments at the interface, as confirmed by first-principles calculations. Such enhanced magnetic properties make these composites suitable for spintronic applications.
The dielectric properties of Ti3C2/BiFeO3 composites have been evaluated over a wide frequency range (1 Hz to 1 MHz), demonstrating superior dielectric constants and low loss tangents. At 1 kHz, the composite exhibits a dielectric constant (ε_r) of 450, compared to 300 for pure BiFeO3, while maintaining a loss tangent (tan δ) below 0.02. These values are stable across temperatures ranging from -50°C to 150°C, highlighting their potential for high-temperature electronic devices. The improved dielectric performance is linked to the interfacial polarization effects between Ti3C2 and BiFeO3.
Finally, the energy storage capabilities of Ti3C2/BiFeO3 composites have been explored through polarization-electric field (P-E) hysteresis measurements. The composite achieves an energy storage density (W_rec) of 12 J/cm³ at an applied electric field of 200 kV/cm, significantly higher than pure BiFeO³ (W_rec = 8 J/cm³). Additionally, it exhibits an energy efficiency (η) of 85%, compared to 75% for BiFeO³ alone. These results underscore the potential of Ti₃C₂/BiFeO₃ composites in high-performance energy storage systems.
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