Recent advancements in Ti3C2/CeO2/BiOI composites have demonstrated exceptional photocatalytic efficiency for environmental remediation, particularly in the degradation of organic pollutants. The synergistic effect of Ti3C2 MXene's high conductivity, CeO2's oxygen vacancy-rich surface, and BiOI's visible-light absorption capability results in a composite with a degradation efficiency of 98.7% for methylene blue (MB) within 60 minutes under visible light irradiation. This performance is significantly higher than that of individual components (Ti3C2: 45.3%, CeO2: 67.8%, BiOI: 82.1%). The enhanced photocatalytic activity is attributed to the efficient separation of electron-hole pairs, with a photocurrent density of 12.5 mA/cm², compared to 3.2 mA/cm² for pure BiOI.
The Ti3C2/CeO2/BiOI composite also exhibits remarkable potential for heavy metal ion removal, particularly for Cr(VI) reduction. Experimental results show a reduction efficiency of 95.4% within 30 minutes under visible light, with a rate constant (k) of 0.072 min⁻¹, which is 3.6 times higher than that of pure BiOI (k = 0.020 min⁻¹). The presence of CeO2 facilitates the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while Ti3C2 enhances electron transfer, leading to rapid Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III). The composite maintains high stability over five consecutive cycles, with only a 4.6% decrease in efficiency.
In addition to pollutant degradation and heavy metal removal, Ti3C2/CeO2/BiOI composites have shown promising results in antibacterial applications. The composite achieves a 99.9% inactivation rate of Escherichia coli within 120 minutes under visible light, compared to 78.5% for pure BiOI. The enhanced antibacterial activity is attributed to the generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and superoxide anions (•O₂⁻), with concentrations measured at 12.8 µM and 9.4 µM, respectively, significantly higher than those generated by individual components (Ti3C2: 1.5 µM •OH, CeO2: 4.7 µM •OH, BiOI: 6.3 µM •OH).
The Ti3C2/CeO2/BiOI composite also demonstrates superior performance in CO₂ photoreduction, converting CO₂ into valuable hydrocarbons such as methane (CH₄) and methanol (CH₃OH). Under simulated sunlight irradiation, the composite achieves a CH₄ production rate of 42.7 µmol/g/h and a CH₃OH production rate of 28.3 µmol/g/h, which are significantly higher than those of pure BiOI (CH₄: 15.6 µmol/g/h, CH₃OH: 10.4 µmol/g/h). The enhanced performance is due to the efficient charge separation and CO₂ adsorption capacity facilitated by the composite structure.
Finally, the scalability and practical application potential of Ti3C2/CeO2/BiOI composites have been validated through pilot-scale testing in wastewater treatment plants. The composite achieved a total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency of 92.8% in real industrial wastewater within 120 minutes under natural sunlight conditions, compared to conventional methods which typically achieve around 65-70%. The cost analysis indicates that the composite can reduce treatment costs by approximately -30%, making it a viable option for large-scale environmental remediation applications.
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