Quantum Silicon Photonics

Silicon-based quantum photonics is revolutionizing quantum communication and computing by leveraging silicon's compatibility with existing CMOS technology. Recent advancements have demonstrated entanglement generation rates exceeding 1 GHz in silicon waveguides, with photon indistinguishability >99%. These systems integrate single-photon sources, detectors, and circuits on a single chip, enabling scalable quantum networks. The use of silicon-vacancy centers has achieved spin-photon interfaces with coherence times >10 ms, paving the way for quantum repeaters.

Silicon photonic circuits are now capable of performing quantum logic gates with fidelities >99.9%, rivaling superconducting qubits. Integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometers and beam splitters have been optimized for low-loss (<0.1 dB/cm) operation at telecom wavelengths (1550 nm). This enables long-distance quantum communication via existing fiber-optic infrastructure. Recent experiments have demonstrated error-corrected quantum memory in silicon with storage times >1 second at cryogenic temperatures.

The integration of nonlinear optical effects in silicon waveguides has enabled parametric down-conversion with pair generation rates >10^6 pairs/s/mW. This is achieved using high-Q microresonators with quality factors >10^6, enhancing photon-pair generation efficiency. Such systems are being used to develop on-chip quantum light sources for secure communication protocols like QKD (Quantum Key Distribution).

The development of hybrid silicon-quantum dot systems has enabled the creation of deterministic single-photon sources with emission linewidths <100 MHz. These systems leverage strain engineering in silicon to enhance the optical properties of embedded quantum dots. Recent work has demonstrated photon extraction efficiencies >90%, making them viable for practical quantum applications.

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