Carbon Capture Materials: Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are highly porous crystalline materials that exhibit exceptional CO₂ adsorption capacities often exceeding ~10 mmol g⁻¹ at ambient conditions Their tunable pore sizes ranging from ~0 nm - several nanometers enable selective capture based on molecular size polarity etc making them ideal candidates for post-combustion carbon capture applications Recent breakthroughs include MOFs functionalized with amine groups which enhance CO₂ binding affinities achieving uptake capacities >15 mmol g⁻¹ even under low-pressure conditions

The kinetics CO₂ adsorption desorption cycles MOFs remarkably fast typically completing within minutes due high surface areas internal diffusion pathways For example HKUST MOF exhibits adsorption equilibrium times <5 minutes outperforming traditional sorbents like zeolites silica gels etc Moreover stability improvements through framework reinforcement strategies allowed MOFs withstand humid acidic environments encountered flue gas streams without significant degradation performance

Integration into practical systems requires addressing scalability cost concerns Advances continuous flow synthesis techniques reduced production costs ~50% while maintaining material quality Additionally modular designs incorporating MOF-coated monoliths structured packing enabled deployment large-scale facilities processing millions tons CO₂ annually These developments bridge gap laboratory research industrial implementation

Emerging applications include direct air capture DAC technologies where MOFs selectively extract ppm-level concentrations atmospheric CO₂ Recent prototypes demonstrated capture efficiencies >90% energy requirements <200 kWh tonCO₂⁻¹ making them competitive existing DAC solutions Furthermore utilization captured CO₂ feedstocks chemical synthesis methanol ethylene etc opens avenues closed-loop carbon economy

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