The integration of Ti3C2 MXene with BiOBr/Bi2MoO6 heterojunctions has emerged as a groundbreaking strategy for enhancing photocatalytic efficiency, particularly in the degradation of organic pollutants. Recent studies have demonstrated that the Ti3C2/BiOBr/Bi2MoO6 composite achieves a remarkable degradation rate of 98.7% for Rhodamine B (RhB) within 60 minutes under visible light irradiation, compared to 72.3% and 65.8% for pristine BiOBr and Bi2MoO6, respectively. This enhancement is attributed to the synergistic effects of improved charge carrier separation, increased specific surface area (up to 152 m²/g), and the unique electronic properties of Ti3C2, which acts as an electron sink and facilitates rapid electron transfer.
The photocatalytic mechanism of Ti3C2/BiOBr/Bi2MoO6 composites is underpinned by the formation of a Z-scheme heterojunction, which significantly reduces electron-hole recombination rates. Photoluminescence spectroscopy reveals that the recombination rate in the composite is reduced by 78.5% compared to BiOBr alone. Additionally, transient photocurrent measurements show a 3.2-fold increase in photocurrent density, indicating enhanced charge carrier mobility. The Z-scheme mechanism also ensures that the redox potentials are optimally preserved, enabling the generation of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as •OH and •O₂⁻, which are critical for pollutant degradation.
The stability and reusability of Ti3C2/BiOBr/Bi2MoO6 composites have been rigorously tested under cyclic photocatalytic experiments. After five consecutive cycles, the composite retains 94.6% of its initial photocatalytic activity, demonstrating exceptional durability. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirms that the chemical states of Ti, Bi, Br, Mo, and O remain largely unchanged after prolonged exposure to light and pollutants. This stability is further supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which shows minimal morphological changes even after extensive use.
The environmental applicability of Ti3C2/BiOBr/Bi2MoO6 composites has been validated through experiments with real wastewater samples containing complex mixtures of organic pollutants. The composite achieves a total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency of 89.4% within 120 minutes, outperforming individual components by at least 25%. Furthermore, toxicity assessments using bioassays indicate a significant reduction in ecotoxicity post-treatment, with a 92.8% decrease in acute toxicity to Daphnia magna compared to untreated wastewater.
Future research directions for Ti3C2/BiOBr/Bi2MoO6 composites focus on scaling up synthesis methods and optimizing their performance under natural sunlight conditions. Pilot-scale studies have shown promising results, with solar-driven degradation efficiencies exceeding 85% for various industrial dyes. Computational modeling also suggests that further tuning of the bandgap through doping or surface modification could enhance visible light absorption beyond the current range of 420-550 nm.
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