Metasurfaces composed of sub-wavelength nanostructures have revolutionized optronic testing by enabling resolutions below the diffraction limit (<100 nm). These platforms utilize phase-gradient metasurfaces to manipulate light at unprecedented scales, achieving focusing efficiencies of up to 95%. Recent designs incorporate titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanopillars with aspect ratios >10:1, which provide full 2π phase control across visible wavelengths (400–700 nm).
The integration of metasurfaces with computational imaging algorithms has further enhanced resolution while reducing acquisition times by 50%. By leveraging machine learning techniques such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), these systems can reconstruct high-resolution images from sparse data sets in <1 second. Experimental results demonstrate a tenfold improvement in spatial resolution compared to conventional microscopy techniques.
Metasurface-based spectrometers have also emerged as compact alternatives to bulky grating-based systems, offering spectral resolutions of <0.1 nm over a range of 200–2000 nm. These devices utilize arrays of resonant nanostructures to diffract light into distinct channels without moving parts, reducing system weight by >90%. Such spectrometers are now being integrated into portable devices for real-time chemical analysis in field settings.
Despite their promise, metasurfaces face challenges related to fabrication tolerances (<5 nm precision required) and material losses at shorter wavelengths (<400 nm). Advances in atomic layer deposition (ALD) and electron-beam lithography are addressing these issues, with recent prototypes demonstrating >80% transmission efficiency across the UV-Vis spectrum.
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