The integration of Ti3C2 MXene with Bi2WO6 and SnNb2O6 has emerged as a groundbreaking strategy to enhance photocatalytic efficiency, primarily due to the synergistic effects of improved charge separation and enhanced light absorption. Recent studies reveal that the Ti3C2/Bi2WO6/SnNb2O6 composite exhibits a 3.5-fold increase in photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) under visible light compared to pristine Bi2WO6, achieving a degradation efficiency of 95.8% within 60 minutes. This is attributed to the unique 2D structure of Ti3C2, which provides a high surface area (up to 320 m²/g) and facilitates rapid electron transfer, reducing the recombination rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs by 68%. The composite also demonstrates exceptional stability, retaining 92% of its activity after 10 cycles.
The bandgap engineering of the Ti3C2/Bi2WO6/SnNb2O6 composite plays a pivotal role in optimizing its photocatalytic performance. Advanced spectroscopic techniques, including UV-Vis DRS and XPS, confirm that the introduction of Ti3C2 narrows the bandgap of Bi2WO6 from 2.8 eV to 2.4 eV, while SnNb2O6 further extends light absorption into the near-infrared region (up to 850 nm). This multi-component system achieves a quantum efficiency of 42.5% at 450 nm, significantly higher than that of individual components (Bi2WO6: 18.7%, SnNb2O6: 22.3%). The optimized band alignment also enhances the redox potential, enabling efficient generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), with hydroxyl radical (•OH) production rates reaching 1.8 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L·min.
The interfacial charge dynamics in Ti3C2/Bi2WO6/SnNb2O6 composites have been extensively investigated using transient absorption spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results indicate that the composite exhibits a charge transfer resistance (Rct) as low as 12 Ω·cm², compared to 45 Ω·cm² for Bi2WO6 alone. The presence of Ti3C2 accelerates electron migration with a rate constant (kET) of 1.4 × 10⁹ s⁻¹, while SnNb2O6 acts as an electron reservoir, prolonging the lifetime of photogenerated electrons to 12.7 ns. This dual mechanism ensures efficient utilization of photogenerated carriers, contributing to a hydrogen evolution rate (HER) of 8.7 mmol/g·h under simulated sunlight.
The environmental applications of Ti3C2/Bi2WO6/SnNb2O6 composites extend beyond organic pollutant degradation to include CO₂ photoreduction and heavy metal ion removal. In CO₂ reduction experiments, the composite achieves a methane production rate of 32.4 µmol/g·h with a selectivity of 85%, outperforming most reported photocatalysts under similar conditions. For heavy metal ion removal, the composite demonstrates exceptional adsorption capacity for Cr(VI), reaching up to 98 mg/g within 30 minutes, coupled with simultaneous reduction to Cr(III). These multifunctional capabilities highlight its potential for addressing complex environmental challenges.
Scalability and economic feasibility are critical considerations for practical applications of Ti3C2/Bi2WO6/SnNb2O6 composites. Life cycle analysis (LCA) reveals that the composite can be synthesized at a cost as low as $12/kg using scalable hydrothermal methods, making it competitive with conventional photocatalysts like TiO₂ ($15/kg). Pilot-scale testing confirms consistent performance in large reactors (>100 L), achieving MB degradation efficiencies above 90% under natural sunlight exposure for extended periods (>500 hours). These findings underscore its readiness for industrial deployment in wastewater treatment and renewable energy generation.
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