MXenes, a class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have emerged as a revolutionary material for glucose detection due to their exceptional electrical conductivity (up to 20,000 S/cm), high surface area (up to 2000 m²/g), and tunable surface chemistry. Recent studies have demonstrated that MXene-based biosensors can achieve ultra-low detection limits of 0.1 µM for glucose, with a linear response range of 0.1 µM to 10 mM, making them suitable for both physiological and pathological glucose monitoring. The incorporation of MXenes with enzymes such as glucose oxidase (GOx) has shown enhanced electron transfer kinetics, with a sensitivity of 120 µA·mM⁻¹·cm⁻² and a response time of less than 3 seconds. These properties are attributed to the synergistic effects of MXenes' metallic conductivity and the catalytic activity of GOx.
The functionalization of MXenes with nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has further improved the performance of glucose biosensors. For instance, AuNPs-MXene composites have exhibited a sensitivity increase by 40%, reaching 168 µA·mM⁻¹·cm⁻², while maintaining a low detection limit of 50 nM. Similarly, CNTs-MXene hybrids have demonstrated enhanced stability over 30 days with only a 5% loss in sensitivity. These hybrid structures leverage the high catalytic efficiency of AuNPs and the mechanical robustness of CNTs, combined with MXenes' inherent properties, to create biosensors with superior performance metrics.
Advancements in flexible and wearable MXene-based biosensors have opened new avenues for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Recent prototypes have achieved a bending stability of over 10,000 cycles without significant degradation in performance, with sensitivities maintained at 110 µA·mM⁻¹·cm⁻². Wearable devices incorporating MXenes have shown real-time glucose monitoring capabilities with an accuracy of ±5% compared to conventional blood glucose meters. These devices operate effectively in sweat and interstitial fluid, with detection limits as low as 1 µM in sweat samples. The integration of wireless communication modules has enabled seamless data transmission to smartphones, enhancing user convenience.
The environmental stability and biocompatibility of MXene-based biosensors have been rigorously tested under physiological conditions. Studies reveal that MXenes retain over 90% of their electrochemical activity after exposure to pH ranges from 4 to 9 for 24 hours. Biocompatibility tests using human dermal fibroblasts showed cell viability exceeding 95% after 72 hours of exposure to MXene films. These findings underscore the potential for long-term implantation or wearable use without adverse biological effects.
Future research is focused on scaling up production and reducing costs while maintaining high performance metrics. Recent pilot-scale production methods have achieved cost reductions by up to 30% through optimized synthesis techniques such as selective etching and vacuum filtration. Additionally, efforts are underway to integrate machine learning algorithms for predictive analytics in CGM systems using MXene-based sensors. Preliminary results indicate an improvement in prediction accuracy by up to 15%, paving the way for next-generation smart biosensors.
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