Conductive polymers like PEDOT:PSS have revolutionized bioelectronics due to their biocompatibility and tunable electrical properties. Recent studies have achieved conductivities exceeding 3,000 S/cm through molecular doping and nanostructuring, rivaling traditional metals. These materials are being integrated into neural interfaces, enabling high-fidelity signal recording with signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) above 20 dB in vivo. Their flexibility and stretchability make them ideal for conformable devices that can withstand strains up to 200%.
The development of mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIECs) has expanded the functionality of conductive polymers in bioelectronics. MIECs like PEDOT:PSS doped with ionic liquids exhibit dual conduction pathways, enabling efficient charge transfer at biological interfaces. These materials have been used in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) with transconductances exceeding 10 mS, facilitating ultrasensitive biosensing down to femtomolar concentrations of biomarkers. Their low impedance (<1 kΩ) ensures minimal signal loss in neural recordings.
Biodegradable conductive polymers are addressing the issue of electronic waste in medical devices. Polyaniline derivatives functionalized with hydrolyzable ester linkages degrade within weeks under physiological conditions while maintaining conductivities above 100 S/cm during their operational lifetime. These materials are being explored for transient implants that monitor post-surgical recovery or deliver targeted therapies before safely degrading.
Recent advances in printing technologies have enabled the fabrication of high-resolution conductive polymer circuits on flexible substrates. Inkjet printing techniques achieve feature sizes below 10 µm with conductivities over 1,000 S/cm, opening new possibilities for wearable electronics and epidermal sensors.
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