Recent advancements in Ti3C2/BiOCl/g-C3N4 composites have demonstrated exceptional photocatalytic efficiency for water purification, achieving a degradation rate of 98.7% for methylene blue (MB) within 60 minutes under visible light irradiation. This performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of Ti3C2 MXene’s high electrical conductivity, BiOCl’s strong oxidative capability, and g-C3N4’s broad light absorption range. The composite exhibits a bandgap of 2.45 eV, enabling efficient utilization of solar energy. Furthermore, the specific surface area of the composite was measured at 112.3 m²/g, providing abundant active sites for pollutant adsorption and degradation.
The incorporation of Ti3C2 into the BiOCl/g-C3N4 matrix significantly enhances charge carrier separation, as evidenced by a photocurrent density increase from 0.32 µA/cm² (pure g-C3N4) to 1.87 µA/cm² (composite). This improvement is critical for reducing electron-hole recombination, which is further supported by a 78% reduction in photoluminescence intensity compared to pristine g-C3N4. The composite also demonstrates excellent stability, retaining 95% of its photocatalytic activity after 10 cycles, making it a robust candidate for long-term water treatment applications.
In addition to organic pollutants, Ti3C2/BiOCl/g-C3N4 composites exhibit remarkable efficiency in heavy metal ion removal, achieving a Cr(VI) reduction rate of 96.5% within 90 minutes under visible light. The composite’s unique layered structure facilitates ion intercalation and adsorption, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 145 mg/g for Cr(VI). The presence of Ti3C2 enhances the redox potential of the system, enabling efficient reduction of Cr(VI) to less toxic Cr(III), as confirmed by XPS analysis.
The scalability and environmental compatibility of Ti3C2/BiOCl/g-C3N4 composites have been validated through pilot-scale studies. A continuous flow reactor equipped with the composite achieved a water purification efficiency of 92.8% for real industrial wastewater containing mixed pollutants (MB, Cr(VI), and phenol). The energy consumption was measured at 0.45 kWh/m³, significantly lower than conventional methods such as ozonation (1.2 kWh/m³) and UV-based systems (0.9 kWh/m³). This highlights the potential for large-scale implementation in industrial wastewater treatment plants.
Finally, computational studies using density functional theory (DFT) reveal that the interfacial interaction between Ti3C2 and BiOCl/g-C3N4 lowers the activation energy barrier for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by 0.35 eV compared to standalone components. This theoretical insight aligns with experimental observations showing a 65% increase in hydroxyl radical (•OH) production, which is crucial for advanced oxidation processes in water purification.
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