Amorphous metals, also known as metallic glasses, represent a unique class of materials with a disordered atomic structure, distinguishing them from conventional crystalline alloys. Their lack of grain boundaries and homogeneous microstructure offers distinct advantages for hydrogen-related applications, particularly in environments where corrosion resistance, mechanical durability, and hydrogen permeability are critical. These materials are increasingly being explored for use in hydrogen storage, transport, and separation technologies due to their ability to withstand aggressive conditions while maintaining structural integrity.

One of the most notable properties of amorphous metals is their exceptional corrosion resistance. Unlike crystalline alloys, which are susceptible to localized corrosion at grain boundaries, metallic glasses exhibit uniform dissolution in corrosive environments. This characteristic is particularly valuable in hydrogen production and storage systems, where exposure to acidic or high-pressure conditions is common. For example, in electrolyzers for hydrogen generation, metallic glass coatings can protect electrodes from degradation, extending operational lifetimes. Similarly, in pipelines or storage tanks, amorphous metal liners can prevent hydrogen embrittlement and reduce leakage risks.

The absence of crystalline defects in metallic glasses also influences their interaction with hydrogen. In conventional metals, hydrogen atoms tend to accumulate at dislocations and grain boundaries, leading to embrittlement and crack propagation. Amorphous metals, by contrast, lack these microstructural features, resulting in more uniform hydrogen distribution and reduced susceptibility to embrittlement. This property makes them promising candidates for high-pressure hydrogen storage vessels, where mechanical failure due to hydrogen ingress is a major concern. Experimental studies have demonstrated that certain metallic glass compositions exhibit lower hydrogen diffusivity compared to crystalline counterparts, further enhancing their suitability for containment applications.

Another area where amorphous metals show potential is in hydrogen separation membranes. The disordered atomic structure can be tailored to achieve selective permeability, allowing hydrogen to pass through while blocking larger molecules. This is particularly relevant for purifying hydrogen from gas mixtures produced via steam methane reforming or biomass gasification. Metallic glass membranes can operate at elevated temperatures and pressures without undergoing phase transformations, a limitation often encountered with crystalline materials. Research has indicated that some amorphous alloys exhibit hydrogen permeability comparable to palladium-based membranes but at a fraction of the cost, making them economically attractive for large-scale deployment.

The mechanical properties of metallic glasses further support their use in hydrogen applications. They typically exhibit high strength, elasticity, and wear resistance, which are advantageous for components subjected to cyclic loading or abrasive conditions. For instance, valves, pumps, and compressors in hydrogen refueling stations could benefit from amorphous metal coatings to reduce friction and minimize wear. Additionally, the ability to process metallic glasses into complex shapes via thermoplastic forming enables the fabrication of intricate components for fuel cells or electrolysis systems.

Despite these advantages, challenges remain in the widespread adoption of amorphous metals for hydrogen technologies. One limitation is the difficulty in producing large-scale bulk metallic glasses, as rapid cooling rates are required to prevent crystallization during solidification. However, advances in alloy design and processing techniques have expanded the range of feasible compositions and geometries. Another consideration is the long-term stability of metallic glasses under continuous hydrogen exposure, as some systems may undergo gradual structural relaxation or phase separation. Ongoing research aims to identify compositions with optimal trade-offs between hydrogen compatibility and thermal stability.

In terms of specific applications, metallic glasses have been investigated for protective coatings on bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. These plates are exposed to highly corrosive conditions, and conventional graphite or metal alloys often degrade over time. Amorphous metal coatings can provide a barrier against corrosion while maintaining electrical conductivity, improving fuel cell efficiency and durability. Similarly, in high-temperature thermochemical water-splitting processes, metallic glass components could resist oxidation and reduce maintenance requirements.

The development of new amorphous metal formulations continues to expand their potential in hydrogen systems. For example, zirconium-based metallic glasses have demonstrated remarkable resistance to hydrogen absorption, making them suitable for use in environments where hydrogen pickup must be minimized. Other systems, such as iron- or nickel-based metallic glasses, are being explored for their catalytic properties in hydrogenation reactions or as electrode materials in electrolysis. The ability to fine-tune the chemical composition of metallic glasses allows for optimization based on specific operational requirements.

From a manufacturing perspective, the use of metallic glasses in hydrogen applications aligns with the growing emphasis on sustainability and resource efficiency. Many amorphous alloys can be produced with recycled feedstock, reducing the environmental impact compared to rare or precious metals like platinum or palladium. Furthermore, their longevity and resistance to degradation contribute to lower lifecycle costs in hydrogen infrastructure.

In summary, amorphous metals present a compelling alternative to traditional materials in various hydrogen-related applications. Their uniform microstructure, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties address key challenges in hydrogen production, storage, and utilization. While technical hurdles related to scalability and long-term performance persist, ongoing advancements in material science are likely to enhance their viability. As the hydrogen economy expands, metallic glasses could play a pivotal role in enabling safer, more efficient, and cost-effective solutions across the value chain.